Attitudes towards homosexuality in the long 19th century Essay

Mentalities towards homosexuality in the long nineteenth century - Essay Example Be that as it may, one thing that is clear is the way that advanced mentalities towards homosexuality have been a middle stage for fights among strict and lawful ideas. Prior to the eighteenth century, Christianity apparently was hesitant in managing issues of homosexuality. Be that as it may, rates of antagonistic vibe towards homosexuality started to be knowledgeable about numerous pieces of the world. Afterward, the underpinnings of homosexuality included consolidation of lawful assents and strict lessons. The primary issue is would appear was the membership to accepted practices and homosexuality seen as rebellious conduct which the general public dreaded. As per Clinard and Frank (2011, pp11), standards make vital commitments to the way toward looking after request. During this time, it is accounted for that a large portion of the American states started to institute extreme punishments for sexual wrongdoings. Before the finish of the nineteenth century, there developed rivalry among law and religion against psychiatry and medication over sexuality and explicitly homosexuality. In such manner, the idea of homosexuality attempted an alternate abandon being seen as a transgression to being seen as a wrongdoing. This radical difference in the talk about homosexuality was seen as dynamic since certain contemplations, for example, a debilitated individual who carried out sexual wrongdoing was less blameful than a sound individual. Method of reasoning for backing of homosexuality Although medication and psychiatry demanded regarding homosexuality as pathology, Sigmund Freud, on his fundamental hypothesis of human sexuality saw that every single individual were naturally indiscriminate. His contention was that individuals become hetero or gay throughout cooperating with others. In any case, Freud placed that homosexuality ought to be seen as a sort of pathology. Actually, in his celebrated letter to an American mother, he contended that, in spite of the fact that homosexuality is no favorable position, it ought not add up to something to be embarrassed about. This, as indicated by Freud was on the grounds that homosexuality isn't a bad habit, doesn't corrupt, and can't be delegated a disease. With such thoughts, it is clear that numerous individuals saw sexuality in an unexpected way. All things considered, the explanation of sexuality under the point of view of medication and psychiatry depended on the possibility that people with homosexuality had pathology worries that should have been tended to. With various investigations led on people with these issues, therapists accepted that there was a need to extensively think of a system through which the general public could value that these individuals have a mental issue that should be tended to. Numerous creators, for example, Clinard and Frank (2011) brought up that in another measurement they accepted that rewarding people with sexuality issues like crooks without exposing them to mental t reatment would build the issue by making extra mental intricacies. A portion of the raised concerns included insights of people sentenced for perpetrating sexual related violations, and who later passed on or built up some psychological issue while still in jail or in the wake of being discharged from jail. Homosexuality has had a long history. The eighteenth century can be viewed as a noteworthy defining moment of homosexuality and gay rights. Most likely without precedent for the historical backdrop of man, homosexuality got basic look in various ways. Professionals’

Real Estate Law Week 9 Individual Work Research Paper

Land Law Week 9 Individual Work - Research Paper Example ving Merchant Wholesalers against Nathan Lane partners made a point of reference in which the Supreme Court decided that it is the obligation of a renter to pay lease, or occasional remunerations to the lessor. Nonetheless if a proprietor ousts an occupant from his property, that is the finish of a rent, and the inhabitant isn't committed to pay any harms, or lease. Coming up next are the required components of a rent, depiction of the property, span of the rent, terms of the recharging, lease and security installments, use and inhabitance understandings, the lessor’s right of passage and investigation. A rent understanding must give a striking depiction of the property, and its region of area. This is for reasons for recognizable proof. It should likewise contain the time span of the rent, from its starting date, to the specific date that the rent period closes. It should likewise determine whether the inhabitant has a chance to recharge the rent or not and furthermore distinguish the utilization of the property under rent by the renter (Brook, 2009). The understanding must likewise contain the privileges of the landowner to enter the property, and investigate it. Plain English prerequisite are material to leases on the grounds that renting is a venture choice to the occupant and the proprietor. The way toward renting can be intricate, and chances are that issues can happen which may result to a lessor losing his property, or income from the rent. On this note, plain English features gives that face proprietors and inhabitants in a renting circumstance, and what they should place in thought while drafting a renting understanding. A proprietor has to realize what his privileges are, and if the rent archive addresses their issues. On this note in this manner, the utilization of plain English will empower a lessor to know in a reasonable way what these rights are (Brook, 2009). For an inhabitant, he needs to comprehend what the effects of the rent are to his privileges and commitments. For example the area of a business premise is significant for its endurance; hence it is significant for the

How You Can Start A Business With No Money

How You Can Start A Business With No Money How many times have you heard aspiring entrepreneurs lament that, if only they had money, they would have been able to set up their own businesses and even expanded it? It is a generally accepted fact that, in order to start a money-making venture, you have to have money to kick things off. But what if you do not have money? Is it still possible to start a business?Surprisingly, the answer is yes. And that is what we will look into in the succeeding discussion. © Shutterstock.com | JingaIn this article, I will explore 1) the tips and methods on how you can start a business with no money, 2) success stories, and 3) start today.TIPS AND METHODS ON HOW YOU CAN START A BUSINESS WITH NO MONEYHere are some useful tips or methods that you can follow if you want to start a business, but you do not have money as starting capital.A.     Create what you canThis is common sense, really, and a principle that all aspiring entrepreneurs should follow. Start a business in an area that you know, or are familiar with. Keep in mind that you already lack in financial resources; add a very steep learning curve about your target business, and you will have more difficulty getting started.So how should you get started? The first step to take is to find out what you are familiar with, and what you are good at. List them down, no matter how personal they are. Are you skilled in construction? Are you the artistic type? Perhaps you are good in dealing with various t ypes of people and personalities. Maybe you are skilled in computers.Listing them down will help in making things more concrete for you. From there, you can assess whether the business idea currently brewing in your head will pan out, considering your strengths and know-how.Once you have cleared that stage, it is time to decide the options available to you, and they include some of the following:1.     Make something with the intention of selling itIf you are good with your hands, this will be no trouble at all. Of course, considering the fact that you do not have money, you won’t be able to hire workers to create the product for you. That means you only have yourself to rely on. Therefore, it is up to you to make the product that you will sell.Granted, making something will still entail a bit of cash outlay, considering you need to purchase some supplies. But that is just the initial cost, and if you play your cards right, you will be able to sell the product for an amount that i s significantly more than the initial cost you paid for the supplies or raw materials.But making the product is not all there is to it. You also have to consider the platforms where you will sell your goods. Say, for example, that you are very good in baking pastries. You have the baked products, but where will you sell them? You could probably go door to door, personally bringing your products to places where your target customers are, such as offices and schools. Some even go as far as bringing their samples to already established bakeries, coffee shops, and stores. The more tech-savvy individuals will make use of the internet, advertising their baked creations to their social circles.Let us take a look at some of the more popular platforms available to budding entrepreneurs.Etsy is now a household name, having established itself as one of the largest online markets for handmade goods. Etsy demonstrates a classic case of making something with what little resources you have and sel ling it at a premium. Here, you will find vintage and handmade items, ranging from jewelry to household items, toys, and educational items.eBay is also another of the most recognizable names when it comes to buying and selling online. In fact, you will often hear people say that if you have something to sell, post it up on eBay. Through the years, eBay has evolved and came to introduce various features that simplify the selling and the buying process, from ordering to payment.Bonanza is yet another online marketplace where entrepreneurs can sell their goods and wares. List your items for free, sell them to buyers expressing their interest, and get the sales, giving a small percentage to the website for acting as an intermediary.2.     Provide your services to those that need it.You cannot make anything, but you can probably perform an action for someone. This means you will be providing a service for others, in exchange for a fee. Delivery and courier services may have started this way, too.Just like when you create a product for selling, it is also important to identify the platforms for selling your services.3.     Resell something.Do you have items that are still in good condition that you no longer have use for, but will still have value for others? They may be interested to purchase them once you resell them. If you don’t own any, why not look for items that you can resell? Try scouring thrift stores and garage sales, and you will be surprised at the gems that you will stumble upon. Some may be sold as they are while others may require some rework or modification. Still, you can still fetch a handsome price for them where you will make more than a decent profit.Reselling is not limited to used goods alone, since you can also get into the act of buying something to resell it at a higher price. But what if you don’t have money to buy the items that you will be reselling? Another alternative is consignment. This is an arrangement between a consignor and a consignee. A consignor leaves his products or goods in the possession of the consignee, who is tasked to sell them. A large percentage of the sale will go to the consignor, and a lesser percentage will be left with the consignee, who did the actual selling.There are many advantages to building your business around what you know instead of veering off outside your comfort zone.You don’t have to waste time and money in learning a new skill that is related to the idea you are planning to launch as a business, because you already have firsthand knowledge about it.Since you are already an expert in that area, you no longer have to bring in consultants or other experts to help you out. It is your business, and you know best.There is another thing that you should take into consideration aside from your knowledge and skill set: your interest. You must have an interest or passion for that idea. Otherwise, you will not have enough motivation to see it into fruition. Besides, it is more fu n to be doing something that you actually enjoy, rather than something that you have to do in order to earn money.B.     PivotingThis method essentially involves providing services in order to generate cash flow that, in turn, will be used to fund the manufacture of products. That is to say that the main goal of the business from the beginning was to sell a product, and not to sell a service. Being a service provider is just a means to an end; in this case: funding a products-based company. Hence, the term, “pivot”.Some software companies start in this manner. Since they do not have enough money to fund their product development projects, they are willing to work for other, bigger, software companies, performing services such as software integration or testing services. The cash that they are paid from performing these services will then be used to fund their own product development.C.     GrindingAs a business owner, especially one with not enough money, you would have to be wi lling to go into the trenches, so to speak. Do the menial and manual labor, if you have to. Since you cannot afford to pay people to do the hard work for you, you have to do it yourself. Meet up with potential customers and suppliers and negotiate with them face to face. Knock on doors, pound the streets, and do all the work. Yes, you have to grind and sweat it out.Be present at ground zero. You still cannot afford to launch a marketing campaign or pay for ad spaces. That is not a problem; you can be your advertiser. Tell everyone what you are doing or what you are up to. Let your family, friends, acquaintances and other contacts about your new business and what you are offering. Ask them to spread the word and let this be the beginning of your business being introduced to more customers.D.     DifferentiationMake yourself stand out. When applying for a loan, for example, how can you convince your potential creditors that you are a good bet? If you have a letter of commitment from a n investor with a good reputation with the creditor you are applying to, this would definitely help a great deal. It will also be in your favor if you are able to present a contract for future revenue, showing your potential creditors that you will be able to have revenue coming in.E.     Seek financingThere are funding sources everywhere, and there is bound to be one that is perfect for you, if only you know where to look. And only if you do try to look.As much as you want to start your own business on your own steam, it is still an inescapable fact that, sometimes, you cannot do it alone and you need help. If you are averse to applying for a loan from banks and other financial lending institutions, there are still some ways that you can finance your business.1.     Get a line of credit.Fortunately, there are now a lot of banks or institutions that offer credit lines specifically designed for startups, so that they can grow, especially during the early stages of operation. This is especially useful for working capital purposes.Many startups make the mistake of incurring too much debt that they get buried in it. Avoid amassing too much debt when you are still in the early stages of the business. Do not pay all your expenses using your credit card, especially when you already have some revenue that you can use. You will find that you may end up paying more in finance charges and interest.2.     Consider using a business incubator sponsored by colleges, universities, and local economic development agencies or organizations.Incubators are programs that provide funding specifically meant as financial assistance to startups. One of the most common types includes offering office or business space, so the startups do not have to spend too much on overhead. Even shared administrative services are also offered.3.     Look into the possibility of using crowdfunding platforms.In crowdfunding, a business idea is pitched to the public, with the intention of seeking funding . The public will then invest a small percentage of money to fund the product development project, with the understanding that they will have priority for buy-ins in the future when the product has been fully developed. Raising the money is done typically via the internet. The entrepreneur will initiate the project by making the proposal; groups or individuals that are interested in the project will come forward and show their support through giving monetary contributions; and a platform acts as a moderating organization, serving as a bridge between the two parties.The most popular crowdfunding platforms today are Kickstarter, GoFundMe, and IndieGoGo.4.     Seek out an accelerator.The concept of accelerators is similar to that of business incubators. The only difference is that an accelerator expects a faster response to its investment, hence its name. Business incubators relatively take a longer time.SUCCESS STORIESNow let us take a look at some success stories where the founders o f the businesses were able to grow their businesses that they have started with little to no money. If we’re going to start naming examples, a classic scenario would be of Disney.Walt Disney grew up in a farm, but he had exceptional talent in drawing. He first started earning money by drawing pictures for his neighbors, and moving on to making advertisements, using his skills as a cartoonist. Soon, he was known to be one of the pioneers of animation, founding one of the most enduring companies in film, media and entertainment.But here are a couple of more recent examples.Nasty Gal is now one of the most recognizable names in fashion retail aimed at young women. But did you know that Nasty Gal founder Sophia Amoruso started out in 2006 by selling old pieces of clothing? She started by opening a store on eBay, where she put old clothes that she purchased for cheap at thrift shops and secondhand stores. Soon enough, she was able to establish her store as a reliable source of vintage fashion.In one article, Amoruso disclosed that, on one of her forays in a Salvation Army store, she was able to score a Chanel jacket for only $8. When she sold it at her shop, she was able to get more than $1,000 for it.Amoruso did all the hard work herself from the beginning. She personally scoured the secondhand stores and hunted for vintage pieces. She also served as the product manager, styling the pieces, taking photographs of them, and writing product descriptions for each item. When orders came in, she was the one who personally packed and shipped them to the buyers. Aside from using eBay, she also connected to customers through her MySpace account.Today, Nasty Gal now has its own website and domain, and employs more than 200 people. It has also launched its own apparel and accessories lines and collections, such as Shoe Cult, Nasty Gal Denim Collection, Nasty Gal Lingerie, and Nasty Gal Swimwear. In December 2014, it also branched out in the cosmetics field by partnering wi th MAC Cosmetics.Did you know that Mattel (yes, the company responsible for young girls everywhere wanting to live vicariously through Barbie and her beau, Ken) started out making and selling picture frames? Married couple Elliot and Ruth Handler started making picture frames from their garage in South California. From the scraps of the picture frames, they started making dollhouse furniture. This became a hit, and so they left picture frame making altogether and concentrated on toy-making instead, taking advantage of the baby boom at the time.They came up with a string of toys that met moderate success. It wasn’t until they released Barbie that they finally hit the jackpot. It certainly has come a long way from that small business that started operating from a garage.START TODAYDo not make having no money as an excuse not to start your business today. If you think you have a good business idea, and now is the perfect time to get it off the ground, and then do so. Strike while the iron is hot â€" yes, even if you have no money. There are ways to start your business even if you are financially strapped.

Violence that Took Place in the Twentieth Century - 905 Words

In the twentieth century humanity experienced violence on a wider scale than ever before. This violence took the name of war, revolution, genocide, as well as various other attempts to provide an explanation for the amount of human sacrifice and loss. Through these events billions of people came face to face with experiences that challenged their concept of humanity. Humanity is a seemingly well founded idea that humans were innately separate from beasts and animals; this idea is required by a central technology to the human experience, civilization. In the twentieth century the world realized how thinly veiled the mask of civilization was through their experience with World War 1, embraced its newly discovered savage nature with radical political ideologies, and through much struggle grew from the kill-or-be-killed mentality. For the majority of the twentieth century Europe had experienced domestic peace and throughout this time many became unaccustomed with war. When tensions came to boiling point in England the country made the decision that it was necessary to go to war. A scholar writes â€Å"I spent the evening walking around the streets specifically in the neighborhood of Trafalgar Square, noticing cheering crowds†¦ average men and women were delighted at the prospect of war.† So at least in England they were seemingly ready for war and encouraged their government to pursue its interests no matter the cost. This sentiment is similarly expressed in other European nationsShow MoreRelatedCrimes in Rwandan Genocide, the Algerian War, and the Holocaust1444 Words   |  6 PagesIn the twentieth century there were many horrific events where civilians were sought out to be exploited in very violent manners. 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Although Marx and Engels agreed that revolution was justified to create a communist societyRead MoreThe Catalonia And Spain Conflict1261 Words   |  6 Pagesof Catalonia many centuries ago, the Catalonian people have worked resiliently to resist the loss of their language and culture by struggling against assimilating to the common cultures, laws, and language of its conqueror (Alexander, 2014). Throughout Spanish history, Catalonia has employed different methods in achieving their goal of independence from Spain. The manifestation of this conflict has taken the form of protests, laws, political parties, and certain acts of violence which indicates theRead MoreThe Pearl River Valley1481 Words   |  6 Pageslocated in southeastern Louisiana, approximately 45 miles north of New Orleans, in what is known as the Pearl River Valley. Its name is taken from the Choctaw people who inhabited the region before white people entered the area at the turn of the twentieth century. In Choctaw language the words bogue lusa means dark or smoky waters, which describes the flowing creek that runs through the middle of the city. During the 1960s, Bogalusa was, and remains, the largest municipality in Washington Parish, with

Top Secret Facts About Newspaper Essay Topics Revealed by Industry Leaders

Top Secret Facts About Newspaper Essay Topics Revealed by Industry Leaders Understanding Newspaper Essay Topics Children should have to read more. Nowadays TV is now a critical part of life. Newspaper gives us all about what is going on in our own country and whole world. Newspapers are getting to be popular in the backwards regions of the nation. Newspaper Essay Topics Help! The thesis provides you with a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. Naturally, satire essay topics can be difficult to think of. On the flip side, remember your essay can be offensive to someone. Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. The conventional five-paragraph essay is normal in writing argumentative essays, but it's only one means to write one. Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay tips to help you begin. One-sided and individual issues aren't suited for exemplification essays. Essentially, if your college instructor lets you know to develop satire ideas, or you think that using satire is likely to make your essay interesting, then it's fine to explore satire topics. When you own a list before your eyes, it is going to be much easier to compose your mind and begin considering a specific matter. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. If you're allowed to freely choose what things to write all on your own, utilize the chance to make something unique. It's first and foremost thing of everyone to begin the day. Spam mail needs to be outlawed. There is a variety of of newspaper and magazines based on their brand and subscription. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. What You Should Do About Newspaper Essay Topics Beginning in the Next 5 Minutes Reading news paper is extremely intriguing job. It is possible to read the newspaper to obtain the very first hand information regarding the world. You've probably heard that writing articles is an excellent way to promote your company. Some individuals might believe that the fantastic content might be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. You may use a variety of examples on the net free of charge. It is preferable to use templates since they include all necessary formatting elements. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. It's important to select deb atable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you may counter to your own points. Remember your final grade significantly is based on the topic. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. Thus, it should be debatable! Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Knowing the most frequent IELTS essay topics lets you center on the most significant vocabulary. Textbooks ought to be free. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Top Newspaper Essay Topics Choices Books never ought to be banned. Newspaper serves as a method of teaching and learning. Folks attend college or university for many unique reasons (for instance, new experiences, career preparation, or to raise knowledge). Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Newspaper Essay Topics Is Wrong Following are several types of essay topics for students that are categorized in many sections so you can easily chose the topic according to your need and requirement. Detailed research needs to be conducted ahead to discover a specific point of view an author wants to argue. There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the topic of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. The primary aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to show the idea can be put into place in practice. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear understanding of what things to write about. When there's a topic which makes your blood boil, that might not be the ideal subject to write about.

American Politics Free Essays

string(74) " in order to defend better the liberties of the people and of each state\." Liberty is a concept that is commonly used by the average American in his daily affairs. A lexical definition of liberty states that it refers to the freedom to believe or act without the restriction of an unnecessary force. As far as the individual is concerned, liberty is the capacity of a person to act according to his will. We will write a custom essay sample on American Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now But do we really know the history of America’s liberty? Do we really understand the historical events that have shaped the liberty that we know of and enjoy in these contemporary times? In this paper, I will be examining the roots of American liberty from the founding era to the modern debates surrounding the concept of liberty. I will also be looking into the proponents of liberty and those who have shared a significant role in defining and upholding liberty as we know it today. The Founding Era Hundreds of years before today, America was an entirely different place. Long before the creation of the Constitution, different European countries have already established their own settlements across America. The Spaniards and the French were among the early colonizers until the time of the British. During the rule of the British Empire, severe shortage in human labor resulted to enslavement and indentured servitude of the natives. In the years that followed, conflicts broke-out between the Native Americans and the English settlers. It should be noted, however, that Virginia already had black indentured servants in 1619 after being settled by Englishmen in 1607 (â€Å"Virginia Records Timeline: 1553-1743,† http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjvatm3. html), thereby suggesting that the attainment of genuine liberty from the colonizers is yet to be realized. It is perhaps during the time when the English pilgrims came to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 and established their colonies that the concept of liberty came about, not the least in the context of the pre-Constitution history of America. As Mark Sargent writes in his article â€Å"The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth,† some of the passengers in the Mayflower ship â€Å"who were not travelling to the New World for religious reasons would insist upon complete freedom when they stepped ashore† since the New World is already â€Å"outside the territory covered in their patent from the [British] crown† (Sargent, p. 236). After the Seven Years War between the British forces and the alliance of French and American Indian forces in 1763, the British Empire enforced a series of taxes on the Americans so as to cover a portion of the cost for defending the colony. Since the Americans considered themselves as subjects of the King, they understood that they had the same rights to that of the King’s subjects living in Great Britain. However, the Sugar Act, Currency Act—both passed in 1764—the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Act of 1767, to name a few, compelled the Americans to take drastic measures to send the message to the British Empire that they were being treated as though they were less than the King’s subjects in Great Britain (Jensen, p. 186). Moreover, the taxes were enforced despite the lack of representation of the American colonists in the Westminster Parliament. One of the famous protests taken by the Americans is the Boston Tea Party in 1773 where numerous crates containing tea that belonged to the British East India Company were destroyed aboard ships in Boston Harbor. As a result, the British government passed a series of acts popularly known as the Intolerable Acts in 1774, further fanning the growing oppression felt by the American colonists. Eventually, the American Revolution ensued beginning in as early as 1775 when British forces confiscated arms and arrested revolutionaries in Concord, thereby sparking the first hostilities after the Intolerable Acts were passed (Jensen, p. 434). From 1775 to 1783, the colonies that formed their own independent states fought as one as the Thirteen Colonies of North America. Lasting for roughly eight years, the American Revolutionary War ended in the ratification of the Treaty of Paris which formally recognized the Independence of America from the British Empire. Between these years, the colonies underwent several changes which constitute part of the developments toward the framing of the Constitution (Bobrick, p. 88). One of these changes is the shift towards the acceptance of notable republican ideals, such as liberty and inalienable rights as core values, among several members of the colonies. Moreover, the republican ideals of the time saw corruption as the greatest of all threats to liberty. In essence, the concept of liberty during the founding era revolves around the liberation of the American colonies from the British Empire and the growing oppression it gave to the colonists through taxation burdens and a series of repressive acts. For the American colonists, liberty meant the severing of its ties from the British government and the creation of its own independent nation recognized by other countries. The writing and ratification of the Constitution On the fourth of July in 1776, the second Continental Congress signed and officially adopted the United States Declaration of Independence which established the separation of the thirteen American colonies—the colonies which were at war with Great Britain from 1775—from the British Empire. Although others say that the founding moment of America is not on July 4 but two days earlier (Groom, http://independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/review/the-fourth-of-july-and-the-founding-of-america-by-peter-de-bolla-455878. html), it remains a fact that there came a point in time when America finally declared its independence. The evolution of American political theory—especially that which is concerned with liberty—can be better understood during the confrontation over the writing and the ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the Declaration asserts that people have unalienable rights which include life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Articles of Confederation served as the constitution which governed the thirteen states as part of its alliance called the â€Å"United States of America†. After being ratified in 1781, the â€Å"United States of America† was brought as a political union under a confederate government in order to defend better the liberties of the people and of each state. You read "American Politics" in category "Papers" Meaning, each state retained its independence and sovereignty despite being politically held together as part of the union. However, the Articles were not without opposition and criticisms from several notable political thinkers of the time. For example, James Madison saw several main flaws in the Articles of Confederation that were alarming, or threatened the very existence and purpose of the Articles first and foremost. For one, Madison was concerned about the dangers posed by the divided republics or â€Å"factions† given that their interest may stand in conflict to the interests of others. Madison argues in The Federalist, specifically in â€Å"Federalist No. 10,† that in order to guard the citizens from the dangers posed by these individuals who have contradicting interests, a large republic should be created, a republic that will safeguard the citizens from the possible harms brought by other states. It is likewise important to note that the union is not a homogenous group of citizens with the same political inclinations. Madison also argues that for the government to become effective it needs to be a hybrid of a national and a federal constitution. The government should be balanced in the sense that it should be federal in some aspects and republican in others instead of giving more weight to each separate state over the larger republic. In his â€Å"Federalist No. 39,† Madison proposes and describes a republic government guided by three fundamental principles: the derivation of the government’s legitimate power through the consent of the people, representatives elected as administrators in the government, and a limitation on the length of the terms of service rendered by the representatives (Kobylka and Carter, p. 191). Madison also pointed out in â€Å"Federalist No. 51† that there should be checks and balances in the government, specifically among the judicial, legislative and the executive branches. The judiciary, therefore, is at par with the other two inasmuch as each of the other two are at par with one another. Giving one of the three more powers disables the other two to check if that branch is still functioning within its perimeters. As a result, the more powerful branch becomes a partisan branch which consequently creates dangers to the liberties of the people. Another important part of the evolution of American political theory is the contention raised by Patrick Henry. In a letter sent to Robert Pleasants in January 18, 1773, Patrick Henry sees the relationship between the new government and the institution of slavery as a contradiction precisely because while the new government is said to be founded on liberty, there the evil that is slavery persisted under the new government. During those times, slavery was not yet abolished and that the new government was unable to meet the challenge of living up to its roles and foundations by failing to address the institution of slavery and demolishing it altogether. Moreover, Henry understood the efforts of secession from the hands of England were a matter of freedom or slavery, which can also be looked upon as a question of either a freedom from or a continuation of tax slavery from the British. While Madison was part of the â€Å"Federalists† who were supporting the ratification of the Constitution, the â€Å"Anti-Federalists† apparently argued against its ratification. It was Patrick Henry who led the group in criticizing the contents of the proposed Constitution. For instance, Henry argued that the phrase â€Å"We the People† in the Preamble of the Constitution was misleading primarily because it was not necessarily the people who agreed and created the proposed Constitution but the representatives of each participating state. Thus, Henry argues that the Preamble should instead read as â€Å"We the States† which in turn delegated power to the union. Another argument of the Anti-Federalists is the claim that the central government and, therefore, the central power might result to a revival of the monarchic type of rule reminiscent of the British Empire which the Patriots fought. The fear is that, by delegating a considerable amount of power to the central government, the liberties of the individual states and the people are weakened as a result. Nevertheless, the Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787 and later ratified in each of the state conventions held. The anti-federalists share a significant role in strengthening some of the points of the Constitution through the succeeding amendments. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are popularly known as the Bill of Rights; it is largely influenced by the arguments of the anti-federalists. For the most part, the Bill of Rights aimed to guarantee that Congress shall not create laws which stand against the rights and liberties of the citizens of the nation. In effect, the Bill of Rights limits the power of the federal government in order to secure the liberties of the people in the United States. In â€Å"Federalist No. 84,† Alexander Hamilton argues against the Bill of Rights for the reason that the American citizens will not have to necessarily surrender their rights as a result of the ratification of the Constitution and, thus, the protection of the rights through the Bill is unnecessary. Moreover, Hamilton also argues that creating a Bill of Rights would effectively limit the rights of the people since those that are not listed in the Bill will not be considered as rights. In response to the argument, the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution was introduced and ratified later on. The amendment specifically states that the rights of the people are not to be limited to those which are listed in the Constitution. As it can be observed, the time before and during the ratification of the Constitution and the succeeding amendments made reflect how the people at the time sought to protect the liberties that they have realized and gained after the American Revolution and the defeat of the British Empire. Moreover, the debates at that time revolved around the issue of what to do with the liberties gained and how to secure them for the coming generations. One side—the Anti-Federalists—argues that the central government weakens the independence and sovereignty of the states as well as the rights and liberties of the people. The other side—the Federalists—argues that the Constitution will help preserve and strengthen the Union. Modern debates In the years that followed, debates over the interpretation of the Constitution, the role of the government and the place of the individual in American society have escalated. In his essay â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government† (popularly known as â€Å"Civil Disobedience†) first published in 1849, Henry David Thoreau asserts that the people should not simply remain passive and allow the government to be an agent of injustice. Much of Thoreau’s political beliefs eventually follow that same philosophy. In his work Walden published in 1854, Thoreau attempts to live a life of solitude in a cabin, away from the reaches of the society. In one of his days in Walden, Thoreau was arrested for the charge of not paying his taxes. His defense was that he refuses to pay federal taxes to a government that tolerates slavery. In essence, the fact that Thoreau decided to stay in solitude for approximately two years (although the contents of Walden was made to appear as though all the events happened within just a year) signifies his decision not to conform to the dictates of the society. On the contrary, Thoreau lived a life of liberty, free to do anything that he chooses without the institutions of society restraining him. The same sentiment—non-conformity or disobedience to the dictates of the society, especially the government—echoes through in Thoreau’s other work, which is â€Å"Civil Disobedience†. Thoreau asserts that â€Å"the only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think [is] right† (Thoreau, http://sniggle. net/Experiment/index. php? entry=rtcg#p04). That passage, along with the rest of â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and its theme in general, implies that people have an inherent liberty, which is the liberty to do any time what they think is right. Taken altogether in the context of the concept of liberty, Thoreau seems to suggest that people ought to disobey a government that oppresses other people since each individual has inalienable rights that nobody can take away, not even the government. In the face of oppression such as slavery (which was still very much a part of America within twenty years after the ratification of the original Constitution since the issue of slavery was a very delicate and contentious matter during the Philadelphia Convention), Thoreau even suggested that Abolitionists should not only confine themselves with the mere thought of abolishing slavery but resisting the instructions of the government such as paying taxes. Thus, as a reading of Thoreau’s works would suggest, to have liberty is to act upon crucial issues instead of passively allowing contentious actions of the government to thrive and continue. I cannot help but think that Thoreau’s concept of liberty is something that is absolute, which I also take to mean as confined only within one’s disposition instead of being limited by the government. Moreover, since Thoreau suggests that liberty is doing any time what one thinks is right an individual should first know if what he or she thinks is indeed right instead of being wrong. Charles Madison notes that Thoreau was heavily concerned with the â€Å"ever pressing problem of how one might earn a living and remain free† (Madison, p. 110). I cannot help but begin to think that Thoreau attempts at embodying and enacting his individualistic beliefs. As Leigh Kathryn Jenco argues, â€Å"The theory and practice of democracy fundamentally conflict with Thoreau’s conviction in moral autonomy and conscientious action† (Jenco, p. 355); democracy is essentially the rule of the majority which consequently ignores the decisions of the minority. However, I think that much of Thoreau’s thoughts were heavily influenced by the circumstances during his time. His aversion towards the imposed taxation policy of the government stems from the fact that the government at that time still tolerates slavery which is directly against an individual’s liberty. Thoreau’s insight on the perceived conflict between the liberties being upheld by the Constitution and the actual state of the government during his time points us to the ideal that the people are sovereign because the people is the ultimate source of power of the government. If it is indeed the case that the Constitution upholds the rights of individuals including the right to liberty, it seems appropriate to consider as well why slavery at that time was not immediately abolished entirely especially at the time when the Constitution was ratified. In fact, it was only in 1865 under the Thirteenth Amendment—about 80 years after the original Constitution was adopted—when slavery was legally abolished and when Congress was given the power to finally enforce abolition. During the time when slavery was not yet abolished and immediately after the original Constitution was ratified, it can be said that not all citizens living in America were given full liberties. Several people were still laboring as slaves to their American masters. That is perhaps an often neglected piece of history that undermines the spirit of creating a Constitution and a government that will uphold the rights of the people. The pre-American Revolutionary war, the founding era, the ratification of the original Constitution, the creation of the Bill of Rights and the other succeeding amendments to the Constitution—all these stand as testimonies to the evolution of American political thought. The concept of liberty has played an important role in the development of the federal government and the Constitution. Although the history of American political thought might reveal that the attainment of liberty through the years has never been a smooth journey, contemporary America has reaped a large amount of benefits from the sacrifices and ideas of the Founding Fathers and all the people who lived and died during those times. Some might even argue that liberty is yet to be truly attained in today’s American society. But if liberty is yet to be attained in practice, how is it possible that people are given the right to air their grievances before the government? How is it possible that people have the liberty to do as they please so long as what they do does not conflict with what is legal? In any case, the present American Constitution guarantees the liberty of the people and that there are institutions which seek to promote and guard that important right. Had it been the case that the early Americans swallowed everything that the British Empire throw in their way and that the Founding Fathers abandoned the creation and amendment of the Constitution, the United States of America would not have been the land of the free and the home of the brave. Works Cited Bobrick, Benson. Fight for Freedom: The American Revolutionary War. 1st ed. New York, NY: Atheneum, 2004. Groom, Nick. â€Å"The Fourth of July and the Founding of America, by Peter De Bolla†. 2007. Independent. Co. Uk. October 16 2008. http://www. independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-fourth-of-july-and-the-founding-of-america-by-peter-de-bolla-455878. html. Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist, on the New Constitution. 1787. October 18, 2008 http://books. google. co. uk/books? hl=enid=5jMTAAAAYAAJdq=the+federalistprintsec=frontcoversource=webots=A9c2bdwU7csig=k5wcg1Bfdq3We7mJ8jsQXjLsq1Qsa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=3ct=result#PPP3,M1. Jenco, Leigh Kathryn. â€Å"Thoreau’s Critique of Democracy. † The Review of Politics 65. 3 (2003): 355-81. Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763-1776. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2004. Kobylka, Joseph F. , and Bradley Kent Carter. â€Å"Madison, The Federalist, the Constitutional Order: Human Nature Institutional Structure. † Polity 20. 2 (1987): 190-208. Madison, Charles. â€Å"Henry David Thoreau: Transcendental Individualist. † Ethics 54. 2 (1944): 110-23. Sargent, Mark L. â€Å"The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth. † The New England Quarterly 61. 2 (1988): 233-51. Thoreau, Henry David. â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government†. 1849. October 18 2008. http://www. sniggle. net/Experiment/index. php? entry=rtcg#p04. â€Å"Virginia Records Timeline: 1553-1743†. The Library of Congress. October 17 2008. http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjvatm3. html. How to cite American Politics, Papers American Politics Free Essays The United States Congress is composed of the Senate, the House of Representatives, and Committees. The Senate consists of 100 members, two from each state, regardless of population or area, elected by the people in accordance with the 17th Amendment to the Constitution (Johnson). The members include the Senate President, President pro tempore, Majority/Minority leaders, and whips. We will write a custom essay sample on American Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The House of Representatives consist of 435 members, which include the Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, and whips, elected every two years from among the 50 states, distributed to their total populations (Johnson). There are different kinds of Committees in the United States Congress: Standing Committees, ad hoc committees, conference committees, and House Rules committees. According to Johnson, the Article 1, Section 1 of the United States Constitution states that only the Congress has the power to make laws and to write all the laws that are required to make the Constitution into implementation. The Congress has also the constitutional power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. It has the sole authority to raise, finance and regulate forces of the military units and to declare war. Moreover, Congress can alter the number of justices on the Supreme Court and can ascertain which cases the federal courts can hear by establishing limitations on their jurisdictions. It is Congress that played a role in the establishment of the departments, agencies, and bureaus that cover the majority of the executive branch. Most sources of legislation and proposed drafts of bills are conceived by a Member but may also come from various interest groups and private citizens and the President. These sources may come from the election campaign during which the Member had promised, if elected, to introduce legislation on a particular subject (Johnson). In addition, the executive communication has turned into a source of legislative proposals, usually in the form of a message or letter from a member of the President’s Cabinet, the head of an independent agency, or the President himself (Johnson). These legislative proposals are then forwarded to Congress with a request for their enactment (Johnson). In the Senate, a Senator usually introduces a bill or resolution (Johnson). If there is no objection, it is read by title and referred to the appropriate committee and is placed on the Calendar (Johnson). In the House of Representatives, the bill is assigned its legislative number and then referred to the appropriate committee. A committee will then ask the input of the relevant departments and agencies about a bill (Johnson). The committee may schedule a date for public hearings if the bill is of sufficient importance (Johnson). The subcommittee will consider the bill in a session, referred to as the markup session, after hearings are completed. Bills are read for amendment in committee by section and members may offer amendments (Johnson). Bills will be given consideration by the entire Members of the House with adequate opportunity for debate and the proposing of amendments (Johnson). After passage or rejection of the bill by the House, the bill goes to the Senate for consideration. Votes on final passage may be taken by the electronic voting system. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall be presented to the United States President before it becomes a Law (Johnson). If the President approves the bill, he/she signs it and usually writes the word approved and the date (Johnson). If the President does not approve the bill, he/she shall return it, with his/her objections to the House and proceed to reconsider it (Johnson). When a law has been enacted, it shall be made known to the people who are to be bound by it (Johnson). Reference Johnson, C. W. How Our Laws Are Made. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from http://www. senate. gov/reference/resources/pdf/howourlawsaremade. pdf. How to cite American Politics, Papers American politics Free Essays One of the best characteristics of the US political system today is this particular feature: the presence of a socio-cultural and socio-political atmosphere that encourages and promotes the right of the individual to vote and the right to suffrage. This is considered as a positive aspect of the US political system. Not all of the countries and their respective political system make room for this rather delicate matter, to which the balance of power hangs and to which the fate of the country and its socio economic and socio political stability rests. We will write a custom essay sample on American politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The US political system should not change this particular aspect and on the contrary, manage to find ways on how to make this particularly enviable characteristic of the US political system develop more into something that lessens and lessens the chances and situations that limits or prohibits its citizens to vote and is not threatened by the possibilities of being corrupted by the politicians themselves. An important part of the praise-worthy characteristic of the US political system to support the right for suffrage and encourage a population that is willing to go to voting precincts and vote and choose their own leader as part of the exercise of the democratic country they all live in is the fact that the right to vote is centered and is promoted not only among true blooded American citizens, but also to immigrants who are granted citizenship. This is important because this goes to show that the US’ political system did not renege on its promise embedded on the towering facade of the Liberty Statue about bringing in and welcoming people from different cultures with open arms and giving them an equal treatment especially in the aspect which in other countries maybe a very delicate matter altogether – the right to vote. In the US, protection and promotion of the right to vote has been widely supported that politicians themselves are becoming â€Å"increasingly aware of the voting-bloc power of the immigrants (Bray 19)† that they â€Å"are offering meaningful choices and reforms to immigrant voters (Bray 19)† as well. One of the positive characteristics of the US political system is the consistent inclusion of the consideration for and fighting for the exercise and preservation of the human rights. Yes, it is true that the United States, as a country, has been the place where great battles on human rights were fought. The Klu Kux Klan reminds the world about the extent of racism in the United States. Isn’t it the same country that was divided and shed the blood of their countrymen because they do not see eye to eye with regards to the issue of liberating former African American slaves that the white people own? These are all important points that prove the problem of human rights in the US, especially during its earlier, younger years. But more important than these historical notes is the fact that it was through these experiences that heroes, like Abraham Lincoln and other fighters for human rights, were given the time to shine their brightest and influence not just the country, but the world about important socio-cultural values and the significance of human rights. Despite the times of troubles, the political system of the country has shown through the years that it is capable of learning and integrating inside the system the wisdom and knowledge lifted from previous experiences so that the system could be better in the end. Today, the protection of human rights in the United States is all the more highlighted and magnified, especially when news in Africa and from other countries tell the tales of individuals who died not being able to enjoy the most basic human rights, and leaving behind friends and family members who are still under the threat of having their human rights taken from them and violated in front of them. Their own political system is not powerful enough to protect them from this kind of atrocity that is still very much alive in many parts of the world even today. It is indeed very reassuring to know that the US political system features important aspects that can guarantee the exercise and protection of human rights, not just the rights of American citizens in the US but also the human rights of other people if the US political system can extend help for this cause as they did in the past like what they did in 1973 (Liang-Fenton 151). One of the problematic aspects of the US political system is the power of political appointments. It is considered as one of the â€Å"anxieties† haunting civil service as far back as the formative years of the National Commission on the Public Service (Bowles 239). This is something that is considered as problematic and is a characteristic that leans more on the negative side than on the positive side. This is because of the fact that political appointments are largely based on the whim of politicians who often use political appointments, either as leverage so that the politician can manipulate the exercise and flow of power and influence, or as a way/means for the politician to return the favor he or she owes to private individuals who, in one way or another extended help or assistance to the politician and in the process someone to whom the politician is owed to. In both cases, it is reflected how the power for political appointment is becoming more and more vulnerable to being utilized as a tool for used for the wrong reasons. An important change correcting this problematic situation is the limitation of political appointments to just a handful of aides that the politician will have to work with everyday. While it is true that the truly capable leader is capable of willing with different types of people and can function as a team player even if surrounded by team mates who the politician did not choose, there are significant benefits that comes out of letting the elected leader pick at least his core team. It follows that if the electorate trusts the leader that they voted, they will trust the people whom the elected official trusts in return. In this line of thought, it now comes that political appointments should be limited to the immediate staff of the politician and no greater than that. Besides, the elected official was not elected to personally handpick every other civil servant. The current power for political appointments should be diminished and have the civil service system handle the filling of government positions so that the truly deserving individuals are placed in government positions without the bias from politicians who may exercise their powers incorrectly. It is quite unclear or uncertain yet in which particular part of the history the United States and its political system has actually began to become a hegemon, although John Agnew seemed to give the readers an idea akin to the amalgamation of several different factors leading to this reality of what is now known as the US hegemony on political, as well as economic and even cultural spheres (Agnew 53). What is now clear today is that the United States has taken the role of the global hegemon, the US politics and the US system dictating and influencing heavily the course of action that many aspects of the present day globalized world has taken collectively. While it has its perks and positive features that the country and its people can and have enjoyed, this aspect of the US political system is something that causes problems and is more of a disadvantage than advantage. It is more of a negative characteristic than it is a positive characteristic because of what the hegemon role brings inside the country and towards it people – particularly, death by many US citizens which is often not morally or ethically justified. Take for example, the wars and armed conflict that the US has committed itself in fighting because of its self righteous role that comes out of being a hegemon. It wants to show the world that the country will be the leader in fighting ideas like terrorism and how it physically manifests by bringing US soldiers to far off countries like Afghanistan and Iraq. These countries are turning out to be modern day version of Vietnam because of the continuous increase in casualties among US citizens who are fighting people from other culture and nation and carrying with them either very vague or very generalized ideas of the reason of war per se. The country should instead be content in the exercise of the limitation on trying to be the leader at everything with, at times, unreasonable sense of self-righteousness that it is doing more harm than good to the people of the country for which the US political system should serve in the first place, like making the US and its citizens prime targets of hate campaigns instigated by non Americans who detest the state of US hegemony. Works Cited Agnew, John A. Hegemony: The New Shape of Global Power. University of Chicago Press, 2005. Bowles, Nigel. The Government and Politics of the United States. Palgrave Macmillan, 1993. Bray, Ilona. Becoming a US Citizen: A Guide to Law, Exam and Interview. NOLO, 2008. Liang-Fenton, Debra. Implementing US Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices. United States Institute of Peace Press (USIP), 2004. How to cite American politics, Papers

The Secret Sharer free essay sample

This paper free-associates the meaning behind the story, The Secret Sharer. It discusses the evolving relationship of the Captain and Legatt, which include his realization of the affect his actions can have on the lives of others. This paper examines the story The Secret Sharer, and presents the thesis that perhaps Leggatt and the Captain shared a portion of their identities. The paper covers the captains growth, from a young man, when he was first made captain, and some of the choices he made during these earlier years, through events that shaped and influenced his later years. This story throughout showed a Captains growth and process through his right of passage, from being an inexperienced and uncertain young man to being an in-charge ships Captain. He learned not only how to be a captain, but also discovered who his inner self was. He learned to make moral decisions as well as decisions pertaining to the running of the ship without fear of what the shipmates would think. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Sharer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although in his youth he had much more wisdom than the Captain of the Sephora who had the experience of thirty and seven years, but never became a confident man who believed in himself, because he acted as a coward and then lied about Leggatt who had witnessed his cowardice, in order to preserve his own reputation.

CVE-2005-0551 Essays

CVE-2005-0551 Essays CVE-2005-0551 Essay CVE-2005-0551 Essay CVE-2005-0551 is privilege lift exposure. On successful development of this exposure aggressor could take complete control over the attacked system and can act every bit normal as the decision maker on the machine. Privilege can be defined as the procedure of verifying the permissions before leting making something ( accessing protected resources ) . User provides some individuality for proof. In instance of Windows, the logged in user certificates can be an individuality to supply entree to the resources ( state meats maps ) . The act of deriving the entree to the protected resources from the application user by working the bug or design defects in the package application is usually referred as the privilege escalation. Privilege lift is a particular sort of privilege escalation referred as perpendicular privilege escalation. In this procedure a low privileged user entree the resources of the high privileged user. The illustration of one such is, the terminal user of the waiter making install/ uninstall of the plans on the machine that he logged in. The merchandise bug may allow higher permissions than the user meant for when supplying a specially crafted input to the applications. Buffer/ stack flood can besides leads to this sort of onslaught. CVE-2005-0551: An application that provides console window information with a long FaceName value may do buffer overflow in WINSRV.dll in csrss.exe procedure. Attacker can work this exposure by specially planing an application that causes buffer overflow and derive the elevated permissions. CVE ( Common Vulnerabilities and exposures ) provides the undermentioned description for the CVE-2005-0551. â€Å"Stack-based buffer flood in Winsrv.dll in the client waiter runtime system procedure of Windows NT4 runing systems allows local users to derive privileges via a specially designed application that provides console window information with a long FaceName value† . CSRSS: Client/ Server runtime subsystem ( csrss.exe ) is a Microsoft Windows NT runing system constituent. CSRSS provides user mode side of the win32 subsystem and is chiefly responsible for Win32 console applications and threading. Buffer Overflow exposure: Whenever a plan efforts to hive away informations beyond the boundaries of a fixed-length buffer, the information is overwritten into the next memory locations. Some times it may overwrite the next buffers and some times variables and in the worst the plan flow which may do a procedure to crash or bring forth wrong consequences. The buffer overproduction may trip the executing of some malicious codification if the aggressor designed the input in such a format to make so. Stack based development: Overflowing the stack by go throughing the statements of size greater than the size of the variable allocated in the stack section we could make that. By making beastly force onslaught on this at some point we could hit the system bid and the parametric quantity values that are passed to the map could really a plan or a arrow to a map that contains some malicious codification. Scale and range of the exposure: The aggressor can research this exposure if he has at least local user permissions on the machine that he wants to assail. Unless he log on to the machine he can non research the exposure. The terminus users where maintain for public entree etc. are largely exposed to the aggressor. Attacker could non assail the machine through Internet or from some other distant location. He needs to be the local user of that machine. Anonymous user can non work this exposure as he can non entree the machine and log in to the machine and run the crafted application. To research the exposure aggressor foremost needs to log in the machine with his certificates on the machine. Then he needs to run a specially designed application to research the exposure. This stack based exposure can be exposed by crashing the csrss.exe procedure and besides providing FaceName of length greater than 32bytes. Once the onslaught is successful, the aggressor gets the complete control over the machine. He can move as the decision maker of that machine. He is free to add new plans, take plans, add new users to the machine group, take the bing users, alter the permissions of the users, take the critical information in the machine, adds the malicious content to the bing informations and so on. Mitigating/ deciding this exposure is really of import as the impact of this would be immense on the waiters those act as the waiter for the terminal clients. The factor that the distant users can non research this exposure of class reduces the surface country of the exposure but the issue is really of import from the security concern. Microsoft Systems it effects: The feat can go on in the undermentioned Microsoft Systems Windows 2000, Windows XP Sp1, Windows XP Sp2, and Windows Server 2003. This exposure is non exposed in Windowss view, windows waiter 2008 and Windows 7 runing systems though the csrss.exe procedure tallies on those machines. Degree of menace posed by this exposure to Microsoft Systems: Attacker can work this exposure and addition unauthorised entree to the resources of the machine. Once the development win he can derive full entree to the machine, and now he is free to change the machine constellation, and scenes. He can add new users to the machine group, take the users from the group and do denial of service onslaught ( as the attested users no more used the services provided by the system ) , add new plans ( these plans can be sniffers that sends the user secret information to the aggressor by listening them in secret ) , take installed plans, entree the cardinal files and deletes those, entree the database and take the database that resides in the machine. How does the feat map? Attacker should log into the terminus that he has entree to, by supplying the certificates ( local user certificates, who has limited entree ) . He so runs a specially designed application to work the exposure with his certificates. The application is designed such that it causes stack flood in winsrv.dll in csrss.exe procedure. After running the application successfully, aggressor additions complete control over the targeted machine. How is the exploit codification delivered to the mark system? This onslaught can non be performed remotely. It does intend that aggressor can non be one of the Internet user or remote user. The system can non be affected because of linking to the Internet. This onslaught is possible if the aggressor is a local ( limited entree ) user of the targeted machine. The purpose of the onslaught is to derive unauthorised entree on the resources that he does non hold entree permissions. The exploit codification will be delivered to the mark system by copying the specially crafted application from any removable media or from mail fond regard. Attacker he himself cognizing will make this to derive the control over the targeted machine. Manage/ mitigate this exposure: This exposure can be mitigated by downloading and put ining the updates available at the following location ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms05-018.mspx ) . One of the common guidelines to follow are that ever turn on automatic updates, so that the new updates will be automatically downloaded and installed from Microsoft. Restricting the user accounts merely to the attested users can extenuate the job though non wholly. The waiters do non hold job unless non-administrative entree permission is given to login the waiter and running the plans. This is non the recommended best pattern counsel for configuring the waiter. Restricting console entree at the hazardous terminuss can extenuate the job and cut down the surface country of the job. This is a trade-off between the capableness we provide and the security that we want to supply. Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi? name=CAN-2005-0551 hypertext transfer protocol: //labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php? id=230 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.watchguard.com/infocenter/editorial/135144.asp CVE-2005-0551 exposure is because of the feat of the stack based buffer flood in winsrv.dll in the client waiter runtime system ( csrss ) procedure of Windows NT4 ( Microsoft server 2000, Windows XP ( SP1 and SP2 ) , windows server 2003 ) systems. Attacker exploits the exposure of the targeted system and gets unauthorised entree to the resources on that machine. Runing the specially designed application to work the exposure of the Windows NT4 systems ( mentioned above ) and deriving entree to the unauthorised resources for that user is nil but the privilege lift. Privilege lift is a type of privilege escalation and the Wikipedia definition of privilege lift is â€Å"A lower privileged user entrees maps, and other resources such as files etc reserved for higher privilege users† . The lower privilege users of the targeted system exploit the exposure and seek deriving the control over the resources of the decision maker of the machine or he can see the contents of other users which he is non supposed to make. On successful development, the local unauthorised user ( non-admin ) can entree the system thrust, add/ remove plans, start new procedure, alter the constellation, add new histories for that machine, take the users, changes the entree rights of the machines, changes the user privileges and so on. It is frequently people design applications that accepts input from the user through console ( by come ining the text input ) , i.e. is a character based user interface. Win32 API ( application plan interface ) offers this and the codification to run this characteristic resides in csrss procedure, a nucleus system procedure. This procedure manages Microsoft client/ waiter runtime waiter subsystem. Winsrv.dll file is responsible for creating/ deleting, pull offing the console windows. The codification in this Anethum graveolens manages these operations. Winsrv.dll contains the win32 user modus operandis and in writing engine modus operandis ( GDI ) . On choosing the belongingss item from the system Menu of a console window, CONSOLE_STATE_INFO construction ( a information construction that contains the information about the console window belongingss ) will be copied into the file-mapping object. This construction contains a nothing terminated threading stipulating the name of the fount, FaceName [ 32 ] . This twine is copied it in to a fixed size stack buffer without any saneness checking. Wcscpy ( ) map do the transcript operation. By providing a twine longer than 32 bytes, the onslaught can be explored ( It is nil but the stack based buffer overflow onslaught ) . Once the onslaught is successful the targeted system will be to the full compromised and the aggressor additions the entree right ( full permissions ) on all sorts of resources that are available to the decision maker of the box. Now he can add, take the plans, install sniffers ( spywares to listen other user activities ) , delete the sensitive content in the system, add the new users in to the system ( he can make a new history for himself as the decision maker on the box so that he need non make the same onslaught for deriving the control once more ) , he can disenable the other user histories so that they can non entree their histories, take permissions of other users ion certain resources and so on. The range of the exposure is high as the non-admin user can acquire administrative permission of the targeted system. Once an unauthorised user gets entree permissions the system can be said as compromised and every possible onslaught is now possible on that system. The system is no more secure to utilize and is extremely recommended to non to utilize. Besides it is difficult for the decision maker to happen it out that the system is compromised unless he sees some harm go on. In the average clip the aggressor can listen the other Sessionss of the attested users by put ining the undercover agent ware.The onslaught is non possible from the Internet or from some other distant locations. The onslaught will merely go on if the user is in the local user group of that machine ( i.e. user should hold some degree of entree on that machine ) . Unauthorized users, those who can non login to the machine can non work the onslaught and compromise the system. Attacker can non load/ run the plan re motely by working this exposure. Attacker who wants to work the exposure at first demands to login with his certificates and so run specially designed application for the onslaught ( the fount name value should be more than 32 bytes to do the stack flood, this is the field that needs to be build to derive the control over the machine ) . On successful development, aggressor additions the control over the targeted machine. Waiters those provide terminal client Sessionss are most prone to this onslaught than the normal waiters and client constellations. The machines that are exposed to the onslaught are: Windows waiter 2003 Windows waiter 2000 Microsoft Windows XP 32 spot edition ( SP1 and Sp2 ) and The version of ntoskrnl.exe is less than 5.1.2600.2622 and is the one non put in the spot KB890851. Microsoft released a new spot ( hotfix ) for this job. The Windowss machines that are exposed to this onslaught should put in the spot KB890851 to extenuate the job. This update removes the exposure by modifying the manner the messages proofs go oning before they pass them to the needed constituents. The best patterns to follow to avoid these sorts of onslaughts are: Keep spots up-to-date i.e. ever turning on Windowss updates and let put ining the new security updates. Need to put the constellation scenes sharply such that though they limit the functionality of the user the system will be more secure. Restrict console entree on public terminuss where security is a concern.This can be accomplished by making the undermentioned register key: HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwarePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsSystem Add a DWORD named DisableCMD with the value 1 to disenable bidprompt and batch files or the value 2 to disenable bid prompt butallow batch files. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms05-018.mspx hypertext transfer protocol: //labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php? id=230 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi? name=CAN-2005-0551 hypertext transfer protocol: //oval.mitre.org/repository/data/getDef? id=oval: org.mitre.oval: def:1822 hypertext transfer protocol: //downloads.bsi-fuer-buerger.de/produkte/bosscd/boss2/doc/mitre/CAN/2005/0551.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vupen.com/english/Reference-CVE-2005-0551.php

Memorial Day Lesson Plan, Ideas, and Quick Crafts

Memorial Day Lesson Plan, Ideas, and Quick Crafts Traditionally, the end of May is a time for laying wreaths at military graves and paying tribute to the lives sacrificed by our troops in order to preserve our freedoms. These Memorial Day lesson plans will get you and your students back to basics, ready to observe the holiday as much more than simply a day away from school. By teaching your students about the terms veteran and sacrifice you will be instilling pride for our nations military in the next generation. No matter how we feel individually about this war or other conflicts, the men and women who have given their lives for our nation certainly deserve respect. And even if youve forgotten about Memorial Day until now or left your planning to the last minute, the following lesson ideas are so easy to implement, you can use them tomorrow with hardly any prep time. Last Minute Memorial Day Activities Here are five quick lesson ideas to teach your students about Memorial Day. Use these ideas when you are in a pinch, or as an extension activity. 1. Be a Proud American Citizen Do your students know the symbolic meaning of our American flag? Can they recite the Pledge of Allegiance or sing the National Anthem by heart? If not, theres no time like Memorial Day to make sure your students have the basic skills of being a proud American citizen. You can turn this information into a craft activity by following up the instruction with time to color the American flag or illustrating the words of The Star-Spangled Banner. 2. A Million Thanks Use the website for AMillionThanks.org to support the U.S. troops currently serving our country. Through letter writing, you can teach about the meaning of the Memorial Day holiday and, at the same time, offer your students real-life Language Arts practice in the art of letter writing and thank-you notes. 3. Childrens Literature Share informative and entertaining books with your students, such as Christin Ditchfields Memorial Day or Theresa Goldings Memorial Day Surprise. Afterward, have your students draw to express their feelings about the sacrifices of people who fight for our nations freedom. 4. Recite a Poem Ask your students to choose one of these Memorial Day poems and give them time to memorize the poem in order to recite it in front of the class. Memorization and public speaking are two important skills that are often overlooked by teachers, so why not use the Memorial Day holiday as an excuse to focus on them? 5. Create a Crossword Use Puzzlemaker to create a crossword puzzle or word search with Memorial Day vocabulary words customized for your students grade level. Some suggested words might include: veteran, soldiers, military, freedom, sacrifice, country, general, remember, heroes, American, patriotic, generations, and nation. You can start off the lesson with vocabulary instruction and a discussion with your students on the meanings behind these loaded words. You can also peruse this collection of Memorial Day resources for kids and choose from the quizzes, logic puzzles, and online activities that are available for teachers to use for free. Looking for more Memorial Day ideas? Try this collection of activities and patriotic ideas to help you celebrate the men and women who serve our country. Edited By: Janelle Cox

University fees should not be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

University fees should not be abolished - Essay Example Before getting into the issue itself it is necessary to provide some discussion on the reasons why in some cases universities took on the initiative to abolish fees.The actions of the university are more or less the same in almost all developed countriesIn recent times some ideas have become redundant and politically incorrect. Most incoming students in the universities stand in long queue to get admission into the universities for the courses that have been closed for hours before they arrived. In such cases it is discouraging to ask students to pay for wasting time. The universities of the developed nations could not compete with the American economic system as they failed to bridge the gap in actual learning created by the public universities. Arguments There has been a long standing concern that pupils from lower socio economic backgrounds are forced to stay out from attaining higher education especially from attending universities. The social mobility is constraint due to high i nter generational correlation in attainment of education. Even if the concerns regarding the equity are left out then also efficiency is lost for the society as a whole. Two sets of actions can be undertaken to analyze the reason for the situation to arise. The first action can be directed towards intensive studies while the second action can be directed towards the policies necessary to address the issue. ... If en economic policy aims to eliminate a monopoly while the market becomes competitive as well as efficient the monopolist will be in a worse off situation. A competitive economy will result in Pareto optimal allocation when there is presence of full information in the economy and there is absence of externalities. Increasing returns to scale in technology is absent. The government can intervene into the market to facilitate the flow of information, manage the existing externalities, provide public goods and manage the income distribution within the society. The university or the college staffs can shift the resources effectively for more efficient allocation so as to ensure maximum outputs given inputs. As there inefficiencies in technical and allocation exist a significant portion of available resources go wasted. The state and university college is confronted with the Production Possibility Frontier. A tool can be designed for the purpose which will embody the resource constraint s and simplified assumptions on the college and university’s production possibilities. The assumptions as are follows: Two goods are produced while resources are fully utilized and budget is endowed as resources. The feasible and the non feasible mixes of output are depicted in the PPF. A Pareto efficient situation is possible only in cases where there are feasible mixes of output. Technical efficiency reflects the ability of a firm to avoid waste and attain maximum output level from a given set of inputs. The firm can attain such type of situation by mainly two ways. The firm produce as much output as possible by using the technology and inputs or by using just optimal amount

Linguistics research training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linguistics research training - Essay Example The ages between 16 and 18 are a grey area, and here care would have to be taken to ensure that the subject is mature enough to understand what is being proposed. If there is any doubt here, more stringent ethical decisions would have to be taken. Once the age issue is resolved, there are important questions about how public or private a website is intended to be. One way to decide this is to ask the question: â€Å"Are participants in this environment best understood as â€Å"subjects† (in the senses common in human subjects research in medicine and the social sciences) – or as authors whose texts/artifacts are intended as public? (AoIR, 2002, p. 7). In some blogs and homepages the author is offering material for public view, with no password or other restrictions on viewing. In this case informed consent to research the website would have to be obtained from the owner. If there is a community involved, which assumes some kind of small group privacy, then permission f rom the whole group needs to be obtained: â€Å"â€Å"†¦ the greater the acknowledged publicity of the venue, the less obligation there may be to protect individual privacy, confidentiality, right to informed consent, etc.† (AoIR, 2002, p. ... 9) Participants must have the right to withdraw at any point, and to see the results of any research which involves them. Task 2. Situation Two: Radio discourse research You choose to analyse a politician’s discourse as produced during a radio program. What ethical issues need to be resolved (if any)? Radio is a public medium and so there is no need to obtain the politician’s permission to study the discourse that is produced on the radio. Privacy or anonymity is not a concern in this case. The radio company is a business, however, with rights such as copyright over the material it produces, and normally there are restrictions on what can be recorded from the air. Permission would have to be sought from the radio company either to use their recordings (preferable) or to make private recordings. Task 3. Situation Three: library research You choose to do a study on the discourse of SIN during the 2nd World War. What ethical issues need to be resolved (if any)? This is a t ricky ethical issue because it involves contrasting moral definitions which are hard to pin down and analyse. Depending on the method used, the researcher would need to disclose his/her own position either formally or implicitly. One way of doing this is to define the terminology of analysis very carefully, and contrast this with other definitions which are used in various sources. The data found in the library needs to be referenced thoroughly, to ensure that sources are acknowledged, but the researcher needs to reflect very carefully on the way that the topic is approached, the vocabulary used, and any hidden bias or prejudice that might creep in to the use of heavily loaded terms such as â€Å"sin.† Matthews and Ross give good advice on this point, which should be heeded when

A Brief History of Alaska

A Brief History of Alaska A Brief History of Alaska Alaska, the 49th State, has a rich history behind it. From the Paleolithic period to the present, Alaskas natural beauty, and its rich resources have been the lands bane and boon to its natives. The Russians, Spanish, British, and Americans have at one time or another exploited Alaskas otters for their fur, and the land for its oil. Paleolithic Inhabitants Alaskas original inhabitants were of Asiatic descent. By that era, the natives of Alaska already had an organized society, which was segregated into three classes of people: the Honorables, which included the respected whalers and elders; the Commoners; and the Slaves. Their society was known to practice mummification at death just like the Egyptians. Occasionally, a slave was killed in honor of their dead, which means they also practice human sacrifice. Alaskas Discovery Alaskas discovery happened in 1741 by a Danish seafarer aboard a Russian ship. The sailors hunted the animals and took their furs back to the Old World. The people were amazed by the quality of the furs that they were sought after. Because of the demand for more furs, Alaska became a favorite hunting and trading post. Catherine the Great, who was the monarch during this period, urged the hunters to treat the Native Aleuts with compassion. However, the hunters obsessive quest for furs made this impossible. The Spanish Expeditions Alaska eventually became part of Russia and this did not sit well with the Spanish monarch, King Charles the III. Between 1774 and 1791, King Charles sent out Spanish expeditions to the area. His efforts to claim even a part of Alaska for the glory of Spain were thwarted at every opportunity by the Russian armies. Eventually, King Charles abandoned his attempts at getting a piece of the Alaskan peninsula from the Russians. He decided both the Russians and the Natives were too formidable for the Spanish. British Subjects During this same period, the British also attempted to get a piece of the Alaskan territory. The possible uses of Alaskas sea otters were too profitable for British navigators to ignore. Captain James Cook and his crew set sail to explore the Alaskan territory in 1778. When they returned to England, they showed off their beautiful fur coats that were taken from Alaskas freshly killed otters. Upon seeing these fur coats, the British decided to send out more expeditions to Alaska. As a result, the town of Wrangell became subject to British rule. How Alaska Became Part of America The United States purchased Alaska from the Russians for 7.2 million dollars in April 9, 1867. It did not become a state of the United States until July 7, 1958 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act. On that day, Alaska became the 49th state of the United States of America. All through the period when Alaska was a part of America, it primarily served as a rich source of gold. Many miners, opportunists, and explorers from all over the States migrated to Alaska because of the gold rush. Eventually, they settled there and made the wintery land their home. Later, oil was discovered at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast. A proposal for constructing a pipeline to distribute oil to the other states was originally denied because there was a land dispute in that area with Native Americans. Unless the dispute was settled, no pipeline would be built. The discovery of â€Å"black gold† together with the claims of Native Americans to take back the land that was originally theirs led to the signing of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The Act required the Native Americans to relinquish their claims on that particular area in exchange for 44 million acres of land in other parts of Alaska. In addition to that, they were also awarded 963 million dollars.

Quotes from All My Sons by Arthur Miller Essay

CHARACTORS Joe Keller â€Å"I saw your factory on the way from the stations. It looks like general motors†p150 Allusion-Savy businessman â€Å"Well that’s only your business, Chris†p100 Inability to stand up to Kate â€Å"in hopeless fury, looks at her, turns around, goes up the porch, and into the house slamming screen door violently behind him† p126 Shows he can be neurotic â€Å"Chris†¦ Chris, I did it for you†¦For you! A business for you.†p158 Keller deals with guilt by blaming others and unfortunately taints his love for his son â€Å"A man can’t be a Jesus in this world†p169 Allusion He is realistic but slightly jaded you can try to fulfil your moral and social responsibility â€Å"I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that I’ll put a bullet in my head!†p163 Dramatic irony and prolepsis- family is the most important thing for him commendable but leads to his downfall as he convinces himself that he shipped the cylinder heads for his family rather than himself â€Å"(Chris with admiration) Joe McGuts†p116 He is very brave â€Å"But I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were† p170 Recognition that he has social responsibility can’t live with the realisation â€Å"I can’t sleep here; I’ll feel better if I go†p170 He shows determination there is a metaphorical recognition that he needs to die he is admirable even in death â€Å"The†¦man who knows how many minutes a day his workers spend in the toilet† p59 He has worked hard to be successful he has tried to follow the American dream â€Å"I’m surprised you remember his birthday, Frank. That’s nice.†p91 Exudes self-confidence and likeability â€Å"I want a clean start for you, Chris† p124 Does love his son â€Å"Joe wants to bring you into the business when you get out†p135 Emphaises his benign nature by referring to himself in the third person-When he gets scared he tries to buy people off Kate Keller â€Å"If I tell this to Mother and she has a fit about it† p100 Shows Kate is mentally unstable, has not accepted that Larry is dead and is protected by Joe and Chris. Adds to the tension of the play as we realise she might not be able to hold it together â€Å"Your brother’s alive, darling, because if he’s dead, your father killed him†¦God does not let a son be killed by his father† p156 Dramatic irony Kate reveals her supposition and her desperation to keep Larry alive in her mind as her argument is not a good one â€Å"(Mother smashes him across the face)†p155 Onomatopoeia-Shows she is capable of violence â€Å"It takes a certain talent-for lying. You have it and I do. But not him† p160 Shows that Kate has known about Keller’s deceit all along. Highlights the theme of deceit â€Å"(She finds herself reaching out for the glass of water and aspirin)† p109 From a Freudian view point her emotional turmoil is manifesting itself as physical illness â€Å"Be smart now, Joe. The boy is coming. Be smart† p126 Repetion-Shows that she wants to manipulate George â€Å"(frightened at the thought you can’t say that to her)† p99 Shows she is a difficult character to understand and is neurotic as even her husband and son don’t know how she’s going to react â€Å"He hasn’t been laid up in fifteen years† p152 Colloquial-Shows her careless side and shows she is a little bit stupid â€Å"The minute there’s trouble you have no strength†p162 Uses illness to manipulate characters to act benignly towards her â€Å"Forget now. Live†p171 Clearly loves Chris â€Å"I ‘m smarter than any of you†p148 Shows she knows she can manipulate them â€Å"I’ll find you a girl and put a smile on your face.. You remember Mr Macy’s daughter† p149 Clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d-Shows her manipulation can be a benign force Chris Keller â€Å"Because sometimes I think you’re†¦ ashamed of the money†p124 Hesitation dosen’t want to talk about crime Reveals Keller’s suspicion that Chris is aware of his crime. It shows that Chris is an idealist â€Å"Oh, Chris, you’re a liar to yourself†p143 Shows Chris is self-deceiving â€Å"Everytime I reach out for something I have to pull back because other people will suffer†p100 Shows he is selfless â€Å"Oh Annie, I’m going to make a fortune for you!†p122 Hypocritical of Chris shows an idealism commercialism clash â€Å"It’s time she realised that nobody believes Larry is alive anymore† Only acts on his idealism when it suits him has let Kate pretend that Larry is alive for the last three years until he wants to marry his wife shows his hypocrisy â€Å"But I’m just like everyone else now†p166 Shows Chris’ arrogance in thinking that he was special â€Å"I’m practical now. You made me practical†p166 Repetition of practical highlights it’s significanceSignals Chris’s conversion from Idealism to pragmatism â€Å"A man can be a Jesus in this world†p169 Idea of Chris as Christ figure if you take his name metaphorically just add t to his name this is reinforced by this quotation Ann Dever â€Å"I’d like you to tell him that Larry is dead and you know it† p165 Stands up for what she thinks is right â€Å"It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no Father†p117 Ashamed of her Father’s role in the shop incident and deludes herself that Keller is right based on very little evidence â€Å"I want you to set him free and then I promise you everything will end†p164 Ann tires of moral responsibility like Chris she loses her idealism and becomes more realistic she abandons her father for a chance to be happy â€Å"The female version† of Chrisp132 Gives up her idealism for pragmatism (starting a new life with Chris) is responsible for tragedy â€Å"This is filthy, didn’t you bring another shirt?†p138 Ann acts as a maternal force for George â€Å"You understand me? I’m not going out of here alone. There’s no life for me that way. P164 Determined to get what she wants won’t listen to others George Dever â€Å"say, you’ve gotten a little nervous, haven’t you†p139 Uncomfortable in the role of justice â€Å"Because you believed it† p143 Trusts Chris â€Å"I’ll find you a girl and put a smile on your face†p149 Clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d-He is swayed by the promise of a happy and easy life â€Å"You look terrible, George†p150 Standing up for his father has taken a toll â€Å"I told you to marry that girl† Lost out by being in the war Jim and Sue Bayliss â€Å"It takes a certain talent for lying. You have it and I do. But not him†p160 Jim wants to be idealistic but has sold out to become a good father â€Å"I†¦ studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness† p160 Repetition of she and her Jim sacrifices his dream of being a researcher and his idealism â€Å"I told her to take up the guitar. It’d be a common intrest for them† p110 Kate believes the Bayliss’ have too little in common â€Å"Everybody knows Joe pulled a fast one to get out of Jail† p131 Colloquial-Show that the neighbourhood think Joe’s guilty foreshadows revelation that he is adds tension â€Å"They give him credit for being smart† p132 Colloquial-Show that Keller is well liked and respected Frank and Lydia Lubey â€Å"I’ve studied the stars of his life! Somewhere in this world your brother is alive!†p154 Satirical and dramatic irony Discredits fate as a force in this play as Larry is dead â€Å"Does dad expect a parole soon?† p114 Both have a habit of making tactless comments which makes them disagreeable despite their amicable nature â€Å"You’re still making your own clothes? Ain’t she classy† p147 Demonstrative of a couple living the American dream THEMES Confession â€Å"The structure of a play is always the story of how the birds come home to roost† Miller There is always the discovery of the past and a confession this is what makes a good tragedy â€Å"Forget Now. Live†p171 Short scentances-The confession is for the better â€Å"[Desperately. Lost]†p164 The confession evokes pity/fear â€Å"The star of one’s honesty†¦ he (Chris) probably just wanted to be alone to watch his star go out†p160 This is the effect a confession has on others â€Å"[hopless fury]†p126 Simile Causes anger â€Å"I was afraid†p158 Difficult to confess emphasised by short sentences â€Å"I’m not trying to hurt you Kate† â€Å"My God†p165-166 Confession usually causes pain Guilt and Shame â€Å"It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no Father†p117 Colloquial-Ashamed of her Father’s role in the shop incident â€Å"Chris†¦ Chris, I did it for you†¦For you! A business for you.†p158 Keller deals with guilt by blaming others â€Å"What am I, a stranger? I thought I had a family here, what happened to my family?†p161 Repetition of family Guilt and shame plays a role in the development of Keller’s relationship with his father â€Å"I can’t look at you this way, I can’t look at myself†p168 Keller’s confession leads to shame for Chris â€Å"(She finds herself reaching out for the glass of water and aspirin)†p109 Kate is so ashamed of her deception she has a mental and physical breakdown from a Freudian viewpoint â€Å"(a shot is heard in the house)†p171 Shame and guilt over the cylinder heads could arguably lead to this but I think If this had been the case Keller would have killed himself a long time ago instead I think larry and Chris’s disownal of him and his realisation that he has a social responsibility cause him to kill himself he tries to make amends by killing himself and thus exonerating steeve and his family â€Å"I can’t live with myself anymore†p169 Larry kills himself because of guilt that he has helped build a business that has killed American pilots and shame that his father and father-in-law have made a decision that kills his compatriots. â€Å"They killed themselves for each other†p121 Chris has survivors guilt he feels responsible for everyone Deception â€Å"I suspected my father and did nothing about it†p166 Chris is self-deceiving â€Å"But there’s God so certain thing s can never happen†¦Ann, you know I’m right!† p113 Dramatic irony-Kate is self deceiving she gives a flimsy argument and clearly doesn’t truly believe that Larry will come back as she’s horrible to Ann so if he ever does come back Ann will not want Kate to be part of their life â€Å"It takes a certain talent for lying. You have it and I do. But he (Chris) doesn’t†p160 This is Chris’ tragic flaw â€Å"Poplars cut off view† p89 Delusion that Keller can cut himself off from the world Loss â€Å"I’m practical now. You made me Practical†p166 Repetition of practical Chris sacrifices his idealism for his family â€Å"I†¦ studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness† p160 Repetition of she and her Jim sacrifices his dream of being a researcher â€Å"Chris, I did it for you† p158 Keller sacrifices his morality for his family â€Å"I thought I had a family here. What happened to my family? P161 Loss of relationship between Keller and Chris and Kate â€Å"I told you to marry that girl† p148 Loss of future between George and Lydia â€Å"It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no father†p117 Colloquial Loss of relationship between Ann and Steve â€Å"I was going to tell them†¦ it was too late† p157 Clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d Loss of opportunity to warn about the faulty parts â€Å"four-foot high stump† p89 Symbolises the loss of Larry â€Å"Because if he’s not coming back, then I’ll kill myself† p107 Bathos How Kate deals with loss of Larry = loss of mental stability â€Å"We’re like at a railway station waiting for a train that never comes in† p106 Simile Chris deals with loss of Larry by trying to move on â€Å"[Increasing demand]†p113 Conflict over different ways of dealing with the past and the loss of Larry each character tries to get their point across â€Å"Those dear dead days beyond recall†p110 alliterationLoss of the benign past â€Å"I want a clean start for you, Chris† p124 Idiom Deals with loss of past by breaking from it â€Å"Let’s†¦ raise some hell around here, like we used to before Larry went!† p110 idiomAnn deals with past by resurrecting it Suicide â€Å"I can’t bear to live any more†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"I read about dad being convicted†p169 Larry commits suicide because of guilt does this make him a coward or a tragic hero? â€Å"If he’s not coming back I’ll kill myself†p107 Bathos Irony as Larry has killed himself foreshadows this discovery â€Å"I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that I’ll put a bullet in my head!†p163 Bathos Dramatic irony â€Å"You stop that!† p163 Short scentance emphaises shockMother’s reaction to suicide â€Å"[A shot is heard in the house]† p171 Keller’s reaction to Larry’s suicide â€Å"They killed themselves for each other†p121 Chris has a different attitude to suicide than his parents War profiteering â€Å"What you have is loot and it has blood on it†p121 Metaphor Chris is ashamed of it â€Å"Did they ship a gun or a truck out of Detroit before they got their price?†p168 Allusion-Realism argument it is too idealistic to expect people to work for nothing â€Å"Chris, I did it for you† p158 Keller’s attitude is that war profiteering is fine if it is done for the family â€Å"But I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were† p170 Shows Keller’s change of mind he can no longer justify war profiteering through his family he now believes he has social and moral responsibility Moral Responsibility â€Å"I†¦ studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness† p160 Repetition of she and her Jim neglected being true to himself â€Å"The star of one’s honesty†¦ he probably just wanted to be alone to watch his star go out†p160 Simile Lack of honesty from all characters even eventually Chris â€Å"It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no father†p117 Colloquial Lack of forgiveness from Ann and initially George â€Å"I said he’s dead.I know!†p165 Ann shows moral responsibility when she bravely tries to convince broken pscyotic women that her son is dead as she has found out â€Å"I can’t bear to live anymore†p169 Larry can’t forgive â€Å"I want you to set him free and then I promise you everything will be at an end†p164 Metaphor Ann tires of moral responsibility â€Å"I can’t look at you this way. I can’t look at myself†p169 Can’t emphasised Chris finds it hard to forgive and stay true to himself â€Å"A man can’t be a Jesus in this world†p169 Allusion Keller lies about Steve and his involvement with the faulty parts Social responsibility â€Å"I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that then I’ll put a bullet through my head†p163 Irony and bathos Keller’s initial delusion about social responsibility his journey through the play is the discovery that there is more than this â€Å"But I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were† p170 Recognition that he has social responsibility can’t live with the realisation â€Å"To him the world had a forty-foot front; it ended at the building line†p163 Shows Larry initially ignored his social responsibility â€Å"I can’t bear to live any more†p169 Realises he has social responsibility and that he has been indirectly forced by his father to neglect this but does he neglect his social responsibility by killing himself taking a pilot away from benefiting his country? Heroism â€Å"A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself† Joseph Campbell (American folklorist) A tragic hero is â€Å"A man not pre-eminently virtuous and just, whose misfortune however, is brought upon him not by vice or depravity but by some error of judgement† Aristotle Miller was aware of this definition â€Å"I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that then I’ll put a bullet through my head†p163 Bathos and irony Joe is a hero according to Campbell’s definition â€Å"Forget now. Live†p171 Short scentances show shock Through death he is able to save his family from long term suffering â€Å"I can’t sleep here; I’ll feel better if I go†p170 He shows determination there is a metaphorical recognition that he needs to die â€Å"Well that’s only your business Chris†p100 He doesn’t want to confront his wife so he becomes alienated from his son Chris knows Keller is â€Å"no worse than no men. I thought you were better. I never saw you as a man. I saw you as my father†p168 Cylinder heads cause break with Chris and tragedy â€Å"I suspected my father and did nothing about it†p166 Chris is self-deceiving although it could be argued that fate takes a part as Keller’s deception could have remained hidden from the outside world through the court paper. Keller’s mistake has already destroyed his family the real tragedy as everything he’s worked for has been for them â€Å"for you, a business for you† â€Å"She finds herself reaching out for the glass of water and asprin†p109 Causes a mental and physical deterioration for Kate â€Å"Oh my God†p166 Refuses to believe her son is dead despite all the evidence â€Å"I’d hoped that if I waited, mother would forget Larry and then we’d have a regular wedding and everything happy, but if that can’t happen then I’ll have to get out of here†p101 Ironically Mother drives Chris away by refusing to agree with the evidence â€Å"It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no father†p117 Abandons her father and believes Joe only to find out she was wrong to do so â€Å"Oh Chris, I’ve been ready for a long, long time† p120 Repetition of long Although she is not responsible for Larry’s death a great tragedy in her life she does kill his memory by getting engaged with Chris â€Å"The female version† of Chrisp132 Gives up her idealism for pragmatism (starting a new life with Chris) is responsible for tragedy â€Å"He won the war, Frank†p148 George lost the love of his life to Frank â€Å"I told you when you went away, don’t try for medals†p145 Aphorism He was initially eager to get away from the neighbourhood and become a soldier â€Å"I†¦ studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness† p160 Repetition of she and her Jim is responsible for his own tragedy but is a hero as he remains a good husband and conformed to the prosaic â€Å"The world had a forty-foot front it ended at the building line†p163 Larry recognises that this is not the case and tries to make amends for it by suicidially fighting for his country Return of the Past â€Å"The past is always present and cannot be ignored, forgotten or denied† Centola Idealism vs. Commercialism Chris, Jim, George and Ann vs. Joe and Sue â€Å"When you marry never count your husband’s money p110 Aphorism The majority of the characters advocate idealism over commercialism â€Å"Because sometimes I think you’re†¦ ashamed of the money†p124 Hesitation shows conflict Keller thinks Commercialism can act as a benign force â€Å"Oh Annie, I’m going to make a fortune for you!†p122 Hypocritical of Chris â€Å"For you, a business for you†p158 Keller and Chris have the same attitude when they have a family they both ultimately want to work for them â€Å"The business! The business doesn’t inspire me†p102 More interested in idealism but has still sold out for money but in denial that he’s done so â€Å"And he’s got money. That’s important, you know†p130 Suggests that Chris can afford to be idealistic sue values materialism â€Å"As soon as a woman supports a man, he owes her something. You can never owe somebody something without resenting them†p130 Money affects relationships â€Å"I†¦ studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness† p160 Repetition of she and her Jim has made a compromise between the two â€Å"Joe wants to bring you into the business when you get out† p135 Uses the third person Compromise between commercialism and idealism he knows Steve will not want to work for the better of the business â€Å"I’m practical now. You made me Practical†p166 Repetition of practical Chris sacrifices his idealism for his family Family Relationships Keller Family Keller and Larry â€Å"If Larry were alive he wouldn’t act like this. That was a boy we lost. Larry.†p163 Irony Larry is his favourite son he understands him â€Å"I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were†p170 Keller is prepared to change his views for Larry Keller and Chris â€Å"I’ve been a good son too long, a good sucker†p102 Colloquial They don’t understand each other but are ultimately prepared to make compromises for each other â€Å"Chris†¦Chris, I did it for you†p154 Keller taints there relationship by trying to put the blame for the cylinder heads on Chris â€Å"I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that then I’ll put a bullet through my head†p163 Irony and bathos Shows that he does love Chris Chris and Larry â€Å"(Chris is discovered sawing the broken-off tree, leaving stump standing alone)†p127 Tries to clear away Larry’s memory Mother and Chris â€Å"She’s Larry’s girl†p155 Colloquial Seems to care about Larry more â€Å"Forget now. Live†p171 Short scentances Her maternal side comes out to Chris once Larry is dead Mother and Larry Irony and bathos â€Å"Because if he’s not coming back then I’ll kill myself†p107 Can’t let go of Larry â€Å"I knew I could stop him†p105 Irony Believes she can save Larry Keller and Kate â€Å"I wear the pants and she beats me with the belt†p150 Kate emotionally blackmails Keller Deever Family â€Å"Ann, George and their absent father might be viewed as the opposite of the Keller’s† Ann and Steve â€Å"It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no father†p117 Colloquial Abandons her father and believes Joe with little evidence â€Å"I’ll do nothing about Joe† p164 Sacrifices Steve being exonerated for her future happiness Ann and George â€Å"You’re coming with me†p144 He is prepared to sacrifice her happiness for his idealism they don’t have a very strong relationship â€Å"This is filthy, didn’t you bring another shirt?†p138 Ann acts as a maternal force for George Steve and George â€Å"I didn’t see him once when I got home from the war!†p141 George initially chooses idealism over his father Wears â€Å"(your fathers)† hat139 Eventually compromises and wears his hat as he loves him Lubey Family â€Å"I don’t know why you can’t learn to turn on a simple thing like a toaster!† p94 Demonstrative of the perfect family without idealism living the American dream American Dream â€Å"The American dream is a subjective term usually implying a successful and satisfying life. Perceptions of the American dream are usually framed in terms of American capitalism, and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of rights† â€Å"I’ll get out. I’ll get married and live some place else†p101 Freedom â€Å"I want a family, I want some kids, I want to build something I can give myself to†p102 Tricolon of want Belief that you can achieve what ever you want if you work hard for it â€Å"I don’t know why you can’t learn to turn on a simple thing like a toaster!† p94 Demonstrative of the perfect family without idealism living the American dream â€Å"I†¦ studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness† p160 Repetition of she and her Jim sacrifices his dream of being a researcher he is not living the American dream â€Å"I was the beast†¦ Except I wasn’t†¦ Fourteen months later I had of the best shops in the state again, a respected man again; bigger than ever.† P116 Metaphor Failure of American dream should be in prison as has broken the law Hope â€Å"She’s dreaming about him again†p99 Kate hopes that Larry will return â€Å"I want a family, I want some kids, I want to build something I can give myself to†p102 Tricolon-Ann and Chris want to marry and be successful-live the American dream â€Å"Chris†¦Chris, I did it for you†p158 Keller wants to provide a significant amount for his family Humour â€Å"I would love to help humanity on a Warner Brothers salary†p93 Foils provide comic relief in act 1 contrast to later tragedy â€Å"My love, My light†p93 Sarcasm from Jim â€Å"I like to keep abreast of my ignorance†p96 Major character is introduced through humour contrast to his serious and idealistic nature â€Å"Don’t talk dirty (They laugh)†p134 Keller provides comic relief in act two and makes him more likeable Justice Justice is a main theme within the play ‘All My Sons’, and an example of justice being symbolised is the idea of Joe telling the children that he has a jail in the basement of his house.Although simple, this metaphor is quite powerful, as it suggests to the audience that he could be hiding more than just a basement to the people of the street. It could also suggest that he is keeping justice locked away within the Keller house, and as the children keep asking about the jail, there is an underlying idea that the truth about Joe could surface sometime within the play. ‘I spoiled the both of you’ Something that is apparent throughout the book is the amount of money that Joe has earned through his business. Some may assume that Keller bribed his way out of prison, due his frequent reference to, as well as his constant reliance on money. He uses this later in the play as a way to try and justify to his family that if he had gone to jail then he wouldn’t have been able to make all this money for them. â€Å"Everybody knows Joe pulled a fast one to get out of jail†. Whilst this may first seem as a cheap dig at the Kellers, this is confirmed when Jim says (to Kate) â€Å"I’ve always known†. This would be negatively viewed, as because of these actions an innocent man (Steve) is in jail instead of Joe. Therefore, the characters are just as guilty as Joe for letting an innocent man rot in jail. â€Å"if [George and Anne] wanted to open up the case again†. Joe’s prediction is actually correct though, and it is the arrival of George which helps to uncover the truth about the cylinder heads. George therefore does a very good job or prosecuting Joe. A clever inclusion into the play is that George is actually involved with the law, as opposed to it just being a metaphor, like the other parts of the courtroom analogy. We get this idea through Chris’ question to him â€Å"How’s the law†. â€Å"You’re not even an animal, no animal kills his own, what are you?† â€Å"I’m not going to do anything about it† Throughout almost all of the play Chris, Anne and Kate represent Joe’s defence.Chris suddenly becomes a prosecutor, voicing his fury and shame to his father Perhaps here we see a highly uncaring side of Anne, as she will gladly let her father rot in prison even though she now knows that he is innocent. Religion â€Å"Every Sunday ought to be like this†p90 The play starts on a sunday morning which is a religious time of the week â€Å"chris† Chris’ name could be interpreted as ‘Christ’ which would suggest a kind of moral superiority that he at least tries to achieve â€Å"downstage, stands the four-foot high stump of a slender apple-tree whose upper branches lie toppled beside it, fruit still clinging to its branches†p89 The apple tree is incredibly important in terms of religious symbolism. It obviously has connotations of the tree of knowledge – the tree which was in the story of Adam and Eve. It’s significant that it’s there as it is an indication of the ‘fall’ that’s about to happen (in the same way that eve fell from god’s grace by eating the apple). It represents in this sense the knowledge of Larry’s death and the real causes. â€Å"living next door to the holy family† p131 The tree is a holy symbol however it is broken.the broken tree signifies that in reality, the Keller’s aren’t as ‘holy’ as they seem. â€Å"the trouble with you is that you don’t believe in anything† â€Å"now I live in the usual darkness† My personal opinion is that Jim represents non belief in terms of religion. The idea that he lives in darkness suggests that there is no light from religion in his life. And perhaps his unhappiness is a result of this non belief. Although, as an alternative interpretation, you could say that the way he admires Chris (â€Å"he meets a man and makes a statue out of him† p131) and the fact that Chris could be interpreted as ‘Christ’ means that he isn’t a total non believer. â€Å"Nobody in this house dast take her faith away, Joe† p 107 Although this is a references to Ann’s faith in Larry, it potentially has further reaching meaning. The use of â€Å"dast† is not in keeping with the general colloquial tone of the dialogue in the play, so it stands out. It almost sounds as if it could have been quoted from the bible. It is keeping with the idea that Mother is hijacking religion as reasoning behind her argument that Larry is alive â€Å"I never believed in crucifying people† p117 Keller says this, and although it’s clearly a view that he has gained because he is guilty, it’s also representative of a forgiving figure. However, it’s also incredibly ironical since he’s put Steve through jail for something he didn’t do which is worse than crucifiction . â€Å"He was falsely accussed once and it put him through hell† p133 Chris says this to Ann and the irony is that Keller lied and put Steve in prison actions that Christians believe would put him through hell the next time he is accused he will commit suicide an action Christians also believe will result in the perpetrater going to hell â€Å"George, you don’t want to be the voice of God, do you?† p140 â€Å"And truer love hath no man!† p 148 it has biblical echoes. â€Å"Is it junk to feel that that there’s a greater power than ourselves?† p 154 â€Å"That’s all, nothing more til Christ comes†. P155 There’s great irony in this statement from Chris. By â€Å"til Christ comes† he’s refering to Judgement day (and therefore implying that they should never talk about the problem again). But in reality, judgement day is approaching (the day when the truth emerges and the day of Keller’s death). â€Å"God does not let a son be killed by his father† p 156 This is the whole concept that has led to Kate’s adamant belief that Larry is still alive. Play Act One The Keller’s home is describe as a ‘secluded atmosphere’ and something about ‘poplar trees’. This creates he effect of the Kellers home in having something to hide perhaps, which is reinforced by anne’s comment that ‘the poplars have gotten thick’. Also Their house is described as ‘on the outskirts of an american town’. Well ‘an’ could suggest that this does not only apply to the Keller’s, but the whole of american society including the audience who are viewing the play. Also look at Frank entrance. He ‘saunters in’ creating a sense of mystery and slowness about the place. Also look at the introduction to the materialistic goods such as the ‘malt mixer’, something which would have been fairly new, considering the context. Also there is a lot in Chris war speech, you could basically write a page on that single section and it is also good for linking in with the section ou ha ve been asked. Remeber, always link this section to the rest of the play, without this you won’t get an A. Act Two Act Three