Essay Prejudice, Racism and Power in Heart of Darkness

Race and Power in Heart of Darkness In Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, the socially constructed differences of African and European cultures are effective in representing the power sites of the time. The alleged `superiority of the European culture can be recognized by comparing their ideologies to those of the primitive, `inferior `savages. Conrads personal experiences in the Belgian Congo, in the 1890s, influenced the compilation of Heart of Darkness, reflecting the waste and inefficiency of British Colonialism. Conrad referred to the colonization of Africa as, the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience and geographical exploration.(Joffe, 78) The cultural†¦show more content†¦Among the confusion and, great demoralization of the land,(p36) he still has the time and influence to train a native woman to care for his wardrobe. The reader is positioned to view the Europeans as a sophisticated race with dominance over the primitive Africans. The attitudes and values of the European society during the late 1800s are represented through Conrads construction of Marlow, thereby imparting to the reader a deeper understanding of the power sites of the era. Marlow comes to scorn imperialism as he witnesses the cruelty, vindictiveness and debasement of western man. Marlow refers to the Eldorado Exploring Expedition as the less valuable animals.(p59). He has come to realize that due to their lack of moral values, they are of no more worth than the donkeys they led. Although Marlow condemns the operations of imperialism, and sympathizes with the natives, he still shares the prejudices of many of his fellow Europeans, viewing the natives as insignificant. To Marlow his helmsman is merely an instrument(p84) and the natives are of no more account than a grain of sand in a black Sahara.(p84). In the 1890s, the dominant European perspective was that Africans were inconsequential and worthless, whereas western society was `s uperior. As Marlow questions the actions of imperialists, the reader is encouraged to contest the values and attitudes of their ownShow MoreRelated Prejudice and Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness1361 Words   |  6 PagesRacism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   The effects of British colonialism are reflected in literature from both early modernism and post colonialism. Racial discrimination tainted both eras portrayed in the British morale of white supremacy over non-European counties unfolded. Heart of Darkness exemplifies early modernism in the British explorers viewed African natives of the Congo as incapable of human equality due to perceived uncivilized savagery. Personal interactionRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin1028 Words   |  5 Pageslingering hate and prejudice. 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I feel that this is an apt description of Conrads writing style in Heart of Darkness (1902), as he paints many verbal pictures by using expressive words and many figurative descriptions of places and people. An extensive use of words relating to colour, is evident throughoutRead MoreFriday Night Lights : A Recurring Theme925 Words   |  4 PagesMarcos Vieira Filho Due: March 31, 2015 Friday Night Lights Book Essay Racism: A Recurring Theme in Friday Night Lights The surprisingly non-fiction novel, Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream, was written by H. G. Bissinger in 1990. The story follows the Permian High School Panthers football team of 1998. The setting takes place in the town of Odessa, Texas. Bissinger describes this town as, â€Å"the setting for this book, but it could be anyplace in this vast land where, on a Friday nightRead More Heart of Darkness in Relation to its Title Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesmeaning of the novella with its title- Heart of Darkness The title, Heart of Darkness, aptly chosen, can be very strongly linked to the novel. IT can be used to describe Joseph Conrad’s views on civilization, the individual mind and the land into which he ventures. These sum up his opinions on the bourgeoise society, uncivilized society and the faults of human nature, linking them to the land under one common theme and thus establishing the title. ‘Heart of Darkness’ can most noticeably describe Marlow’sRead MoreGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesRole In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness For the most part people who read Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad may feel that the novella is strictly a story of exploration and racial discrimination. But to Johanna Smith who wrote â€Å"’Too Beautiful Altogether’: Ideologies of Gender and Empire in Heart of Darkness† it is much more than that. Johanna Smith along with Wallace Watson and Rita A. Bergenholtz agree that throughout Heart of Darkness there are tones of gender prejudice, but the way that theseRead MoreRacism, By Stephen B. Morton1531 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is a major evil in this world. The horrific acts that occurred on June 17, 2015 were a total and complete act of racism. Dylann Roof entered a historically black church, attended a bible study, and as the night ended he opened fire on everyone in attendance, the deaths totaling to nine. The image, taken by Stephen B. Morton signifies hope for humanity, no matter how hopeful it cannot cover up the morbidness of the acts that occurred jus t one day before. The image a representation of race issuesRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1329 Words   |  5 Pages Heart of Darkness is a novel written by Joseph Conrad. The setting of the book is in Belgian Congo, which was the most infamous European colony in Africa. This is a story about the protagonist Marlow’s journey to self discovery, and his experiences in Congo. Conrad’s story explores the colonialism period in Africa to demonstrate Marlow’s struggles. Along the way, he faces insanity, death, his fear of failure, and cultural contamination as he makes his was to the inner station. Conrad through the

Business Explore Free Essays

The rise of integrated reporting and increased investor focus on extra-financial factors are part of a new global attitude toward business. One example of this trend is provided by research from Ceres, an advocacy organization for sustainability leadership, into the evolution of sustainability practice in companies (Ceres, 2014; Ceres Ramani, 2015). To understand what makes some companies more useful when it comes to delivering sustainability performance without sacrificing mission, Ceres focused its studies on how boards and directors provide oversight for sustainability. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Explore or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their research discovered that by making both executives and governing boards formally accountable for sustainability performance, organizations can face the increasing pressure to deliver on sustainability and maintain social mission. Governance practices can provide a framework for building mission into the DNA of organizations. To take this inquiry further, more research is needed to capture current learning across sectors and to identify mission-supportive governance practice as it evolves. Sharing this information with budding social entrepreneurs, MBA students and investors, to increase their understanding of governance as a solution to mission challenges, could help develop more sophisticated attitudes toward the role of governance across the sector. Additionally, more research into Mission monitoring that makes use of metrics and enables governing boards and managers to evaluate mission alongside financial performance and deliver oversight and accountability in both areas is needed. Investor engagement is another area where more research could be beneficial. As the sector continues to expand into the mainstream, new investors will be joining the boards of growing social entrepreneurships and exerting their influence. More work on how the leaders of these organizations can create proactive strategies to identify investors who align with the mission and negotiate favorable terms for mission preservation would be welcome. More research into how investor behavior, and the impact that has on mission preservation, could yield clues as to why so many businesses find mission pushed to the margins as they grow. There is also room for developing practical resources to help social entrepreneurships establish effective investor engagement and communication strategies. As the sector matures, finding the right people remains challenging for organizations in the hectic scaling stage. More extensive use of skills matrices—and matrices developed especially for mission-driven businesses—could help. A specialist referral service, online skills bank or recruiting agency could be established to connect organizations with appropriate candidates. How to cite Business Explore, Papers

Philippians Lesson Plan free essay sample

The era of the pale horse is a vision of death on a pale horse. â€Å"And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, come and see. † â€Å"And I look, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was death, and hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sward, and with hunger, and with death, and with beasts of the earth† Philippians 1-4 Joy: We have joy in Christ Jesus: only in Christ is real unity and joy possible. Only in Christ Jesus will we be able to escape the horror that will come up pm the face of this earth in the near future.Knowing that all Christians will be with Christ gives us all great joy and hope. Circumstances and suffering: we have learned that we should rejoice in the spreading of the gospel in spite of our situation and circumstances; continue to give thanks to our Lord and Savior, for the good times as well as the bad times. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippians Lesson Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Christ: when reading the book of Philippians, Paul’s appeal to have the peace of Christ in the 4th chapter Paul urges the Philippians to have peace with the brethren by living a life-style of unity, prayerful, dependence, and holiness.All Christians should have this kind of life-style, peace with the brethren, peace with the Lord, peace with all circumstances. The Christian mind: The Christian mind should be Christ like, thanksgiving in our prayer always, not proud but humble, having complete faith in God, exhort the Lord at all times. Philippians 1-5 Knowledge ad knowing: Paul appeal to have the knowledge of Christ in chapter 3: Paul warns against confidence in the flesh. The bible teaches us that we should not lean on our own understanding but to seek God for all things including knowledge and God’s righteousness.Paul’s teaches here in this chapter that true righteousness is received through faith in Jesus Christ not by mechanical obedience to any law in having our own righteousness. Paul expresses this in 3:8, he warns against living for flesh in 3:17-21. Courage and confidence: Paul preached the gospel of Jesus Christ with boldness as he had complete confidence in the word of God and not confidence in the flesh. Philippians 1-6 God at work in us: This takes us to chapter 2:5 â€Å"let this be in you which was also in Christ Jesus†.I guess we should ask our self this question, do other people see Christ in me? When you are asked to do something, do you do it without complaining and disputing, grumbling, or arguing, is this kind of behavior Christ like? Paul stated in this chapter that all Christians should be blameless and harm less, children of God without fault in the midst of a crooked world. When reviewing the lesson plan and the curriculum evaluation, I believe that my lesson is well understood for any youth leader to understand. However, I do feel that there are some weak points and strong point and can be fixed at anytime. I do believe that the bible use many times throughout the lesson, however weather is changes a student lives it’s up to that student, I can not change anyone, I can only teach the word of God. I think the material meets the development needs of the student, I think this lesson plan is a little weak for fourteen and sixteen years old, I think provide more changeling information and going deeper into each lesson would meet these needs.

Philippians Lesson Plan free essay sample

The era of the pale horse is a vision of death on a pale horse. â€Å"And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, come and see. † â€Å"And I look, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was death, and hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sward, and with hunger, and with death, and with beasts of the earth† Philippians 1-4 Joy: We have joy in Christ Jesus: only in Christ is real unity and joy possible. Only in Christ Jesus will we be able to escape the horror that will come up pm the face of this earth in the near future.Knowing that all Christians will be with Christ gives us all great joy and hope. Circumstances and suffering: we have learned that we should rejoice in the spreading of the gospel in spite of our situation and circumstances; continue to give thanks to our Lord and Savior, for the good times as well as the bad times. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippians Lesson Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Christ: when reading the book of Philippians, Paul’s appeal to have the peace of Christ in the 4th chapter Paul urges the Philippians to have peace with the brethren by living a life-style of unity, prayerful, dependence, and holiness.All Christians should have this kind of life-style, peace with the brethren, peace with the Lord, peace with all circumstances. The Christian mind: The Christian mind should be Christ like, thanksgiving in our prayer always, not proud but humble, having complete faith in God, exhort the Lord at all times. Philippians 1-5 Knowledge ad knowing: Paul appeal to have the knowledge of Christ in chapter 3: Paul warns against confidence in the flesh. The bible teaches us that we should not lean on our own understanding but to seek God for all things including knowledge and God’s righteousness.Paul’s teaches here in this chapter that true righteousness is received through faith in Jesus Christ not by mechanical obedience to any law in having our own righteousness. Paul expresses this in 3:8, he warns against living for flesh in 3:17-21. Courage and confidence: Paul preached the gospel of Jesus Christ with boldness as he had complete confidence in the word of God and not confidence in the flesh. Philippians 1-6 God at work in us: This takes us to chapter 2:5 â€Å"let this be in you which was also in Christ Jesus†.I guess we should ask our self this question, do other people see Christ in me? When you are asked to do something, do you do it without complaining and disputing, grumbling, or arguing, is this kind of behavior Christ like? Paul stated in this chapter that all Christians should be blameless and harm less, children of God without fault in the midst of a crooked world. When reviewing the lesson plan and the curriculum evaluation, I believe that my lesson is well understood for any youth leader to understand. However, I do feel that there are some weak points and strong point and can be fixed at anytime. I do believe that the bible use many times throughout the lesson, however weather is changes a student lives it’s up to that student, I can not change anyone, I can only teach the word of God. I think the material meets the development needs of the student, I think this lesson plan is a little weak for fourteen and sixteen years old, I think provide more changeling information and going deeper into each lesson would meet these needs.

Mayeroffs Caring free essay sample

This essay explains how Milton Mayeroff’s â€Å"Major Ingredients of Caring,† in his book, On Caring, relates to coaching soccer. There are eight â€Å"ingredients† that Mayeroff discusses in his book that all relate to becoming a successful coach. If a coach anaylzes and considers each ingredient, he can deeply develop his skill as a caring trainer and guide of the players in his charge. Mayeroff’s basic principle is that when a person cares about someone else, the person being cared for will grow. In order for a coach to be successful, he needs his players to grow; therefore he needs to care about all the players on his team. A mindful coach will take into consideration each ingredient that Mayeroff describes so that growth can strengthen the players individually and as a team. This essay examines the ingredients, â€Å"Knowledge†, â€Å"Alternating Rhythms† and â€Å"Patience, of caring to illustrate a direct relationship between caring and coaching soccer. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayeroffs Caring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In chapter one, Mayeroff explains the basic pattern of caring with examples of how caring affects another person’s growth. Mayeroff further develops his thoughts on caring in chapter two by demonstrating how caring can be exercised by knowing, experiencing alternating rhythms, the act of patience, honesty, trust, humility, hope and courage. Analyzing and then understanding all eight ingredients that Mayeroff describes will have special importance to caring within a relationship. In coaching soccer, a successful coach will have special strengths, however in knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. Coaching soccer requires caring and this essay will make clear how these three ingredients are essential for successful coaching. The first ingredient Mayeroff introduces is the concept of â€Å"Knowing. † Mayeroff breaks down â€Å"knowing† into different factors: specific vs. broad, implicit vs. explicit, and direct vs. indirect. The deciphering of â€Å"knowledge,† as Mayeroff explains it, allows a better understanding of how caring is completed with these crucial factors. Mayeroff states, â€Å"To care for someone, I must know many things. I must know, for example, who the other is, what his powers and limitations are, what his needs are, and what is conducive to his growth† (p. 13). Each of these components of knowledge is necessary in helping an individual grow, particularly in soccer. The foundation of a sports team, especially soccer, starts with the coach. The coach is the head of the team and therefore is required to acquire the most knowledge about the sport. A coach needs to know all aspects of the game, such as, offensive and defensive strategies, different ball skills, and the endurance it takes to be a soccer player. Also, the coach has to be able to understand all of his players: their capabilities, personalities, strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, in order for growth to occur, the coach must know his individual role in the game. The individual characteristics of all the players are a crucial part in Mayeroff’s â€Å"knowing† ingredient. In order for a coach to be successful, knowing the characteristics of a player like, how fast they are, best position, and strength of the player’s kick, is important to facilitate a player’s growth. This way the coach can apply a different teaching method to ensure that each player will receive the information in a way that the player can understand and grow from. In soccer, knowing these characteristics can give the coach an idea of the best drills to run in practice. Also, the coach might divide the players into different groups after knowing the players strengths in specific positions on the field. Knowing all the different information makes coaching an extremely difficult task; however an attentive coach will care about learning each aspect of a player. The action of caring allows the coach to acquire the specific knowledge of his players. A coach who does not care about his players or team would be teaching in a way that is not effective to each player. The players can grow when the coach cares enough about obtaining more knowledge to teach them in a way that will increase their skills. â€Å"Knowledge† is not the only ingredient that leads a coach to be a successful one. Alternating rhythms is defined as â€Å"†¦the rhythm of moving back and forth between narrower and wider framework† (p. 22), and is the second ingredient that Mayeroff discusses in regard to caring. While coaching soccer, the coach needs to understand that not all players will learn at the same pace or in the same way. The alternating rhythm ingredient reflects the fact that different tactics are needed for different players. A coach is a teacher: when someone does not understand a concept, a new way is determined in order for the student to comprehend the concept. Soccer is an interactive sport that requires a lot of practice to acquire the many moves and tricks that make a soccer player effective. For instance, if a player does not understand a coach through a visual example of a specific play during a corner kick, the coach needs to develop another technique to teach the player the specific play . The same thing goes for a play or a kick. A defender needs to know how to take the ball from the opposing team, and then implement offensive skills. If a coach does not teach this in a coherent manner, the player will not be able to grow. It is up to the coach to aid the player to acquire knowledge of kicks, skills and offensive and defensive plays to become successful not just in one game but also as a player. Both players and coaches have a particular way they would like to be taught; however, if a coach wants the players to grow, adjustments in technique and sacrifices of preference must mark the coach’s use of alternating rhythms. Willingness to make these adjustments will define how deeply the coach cares about the soccer team. A third ingredient that Mayeroff analyzes in On Caring can help a coach become more successful: â€Å"Patience. † According to Mayeroff, patience does not mean waiting passively for something to occur, rather, it means that a person should actively participate in the growth of the other person. Mayeroff states, â€Å"The man who cares is patient because he believes in the growth of the other† (p. 24). Soccer, like all sports, requires practice if one is to become proficient. When a coach comes across a player who is not willing to put in time or effort, someone who gives up on the learning experience, instead of encouraging the player to quit, a caring coach might exercise patience to help the player grow. Even a talented soccer player might experience difficultly learning a skill. A coach still needs to exercise patience with that player even if in the past that player has been able to grasp skills quickly. Exercising patience with all types of players will help the coach become successful because growth will occur throughout the team. Due to varied skill levels and rates at which players adopt skills, the coach has to have a great deal of patience and teach his players different skills all within the same periods of practice. If, for instance, the coach decided to do a shooting drill with three offenders, two defenders and a goalie, when these six players run the drill, the coach should focus on each individual and recognize what can be improved on. For example, an offender might need development on a trick. Another might need to develop a move to dribble away from defenders. One offender might work on dribbling while on a break away. The defenders might need help with jockeying backwards beside an offender along with applying pressure. The goalie might need assistance with an upper left hand shot, rather than a grounder to the side of the goal. All these different aspects of play that need improvement require patience from players and the coach. A coach has to take one technique at a time with each player, while other players wait their turn. Patience will facilitate growth in all players because the coach cares enough to focus on the skills that need to be strengthened. For a coach, exercising patience, while allowing players to learn without pressure, will strengthen the team and at the same time develop the coach himself. As he continues to establish the dynamics of the team, and learn more about each player’s skill set, caring and growing increases, exemplifying how a successful coach uses patience in soccer. I distinguished three out of the eight ingredients Milton Mayeroff discusses in his book On Caring, to display how caring is exercised in the deepest manner. In order for caring to occur in soccer, a coach should implement the three ingredients of knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. When a person in a relationship grows, caring is exemplified. The examples Mayeroff notes throughout his book helped me portray the message of caring through coaching soccer; teachers with students, parents with children, or any two people in a relationship. His examples directly correlate with coaching soccer because a coach has many relationships with his team, and has to adjust his coaching abilities to fit each player’s needs. A successful coach will see his team grow because of knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. Understanding each of these factors is a lot for one person to take on; however, exercising them will benefit not only the players, but the coach as well. Since the coach is able to care for all of the players, he has the ability to learn from the players by taking his experiences to help grow as a successful coach. Growth cannot be accomplished in soccer without knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. This is because there would be a lack of caring in the coaching, would result in the players not growing. Mayeroff successfully depicts that caring needs to be applied in order for players to grow, especially in soccer. Since I was able to relate the three ingredients to coaching soccer, I was able to explain how knowing, alternating rhythms and patience have to be intertwined to receive the greatest amount positive growth and success in coaching soccer. Mayeroffs Caring free essay sample Mayeroffs Major Ingredients of Caring Related to Coaching Soccer This essay explains how Milton Mayeroffs Major Ingredients of Caring, in his book, On Caring, relates to coaching soccer. There are eight ingredients that Mayeroff discusses in his book that all relate to becoming a successful coach. If a coach anaylzes and considers each ingredient, he can deeply develop his skill as a caring trainer and guide of the players in his charge. Mayeroffs basic principle is that when a person cares about someone else, the person being cared for will grow. In rder for a coach to be successful, he needs his players to grow; therefore he needs to care about all the players on his team. A mindful coach will take into consideration each ingredient that Mayeroff describes so that growth can strengthen the players individually and as a team. This essay examines the ingredients, Knowledge, Alternating Rhythms and Patience, of caring to illustrate a direct relationship between caring and coaching soccer. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayeroffs Caring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In chapter one, Mayeroff explains the basic pattern of caring with examples of how caring affects another persons growth. Mayeroff further develops his thoughts on caring in chapter two by demonstrating how caring can be exercised by knowing, experiencing alternating rhythms, the act of patience, honesty, trust, humility, hope and courage. Analyzing and then understanding all eight ingredients that Mayeroff describes will have special importance to caring within a relationship. In coaching soccer, a successful coach will have special strengths, however in knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. Coaching soccer requires caring and this essay will make clear how these three ingredients are essential for successful coaching. The first ingredient Mayeroff introduces is the concept of Knowing. Mayeroff breaks down knowing into different factors: specific vs. broad, implicit vs. explicit, and direct vs. indirect. The deciphering of knowledge, as Mayeroff explains it, allows a better understanding of how caring is completed with these crucial factors. Mayeroff states, To care for someone, I must know many things. I must know, for example, who the other is, what his powers and limitations are, what his needs are, and what is conducive to his growth (p. 1 3). Each of these components of knowledge is necessary in helping an ndividual grow, particularly in soccer. The foundation of a sports team, especially soccer, starts with the coach. The coach is the head of the team and therefore is required to acquire the most knowledge about the sport. A coach needs to know all aspects of the game, such as, offensive and defensive strategies, different ball skills, and the endurance it takes to be a soccer player. Also, the coach has to be able to understand all of his players: their capabilities, personalities, strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, in order for growth to occur, the coach must know his rucial part in Mayeroffs knowing ingredient. In order for a coach to be successful, knowing the characteristics of a player like, how fast they are, best position, and strength of the players kick, is important to facilitate a players growth. This way the coach can apply a different teaching method to ensure that each player will receive the information in a way that the player can understand and grow from. In soccer, knowing these characteristics can give the coach an idea of the best drills to run in practice. Also, the coach might divide the players into different groups after knowing he players strengths in specific positions on the field. Knowing all the different information makes coaching an extremely difficult task; however an attentive coach will care about learning each aspect of a player. The action of caring allows the coach to acquire the specific knowledge of his players. A coach who does not care about his players or team would be teaching in a way that is not effective to each player. The players can grow when the coach cares enough about obtaining more knowledge to teach them in a way that will increase their skills. Knowledge is not the only ngredient that leads a coach to be a successful one. Alternating rhythms is defined as the rhythm of moving back and forth between narrower and wider framework (p. 22), and is the second ingredient that Mayeroff discusses in regard to caring. While coaching soccer, the coach needs to understand that not all players will learn at the same pace or in the same way. The alternating rhythm ingredient reflects the fact that different tactics are needed for different players. A coach is a teacher: when someone does not understand a concept, a new way is determined in order for he student to comprehend the concept. Soccer is an interactive sport that requires a lot of practice to acquire the many moves and tricks that make a soccer player effective. For instance, if a player does not understand a coach through a visual example of a specific play during a corner kick, the coach needs to develop another technique to teach the player the specific play . The same thing goes for a play or a kick. A defender needs to know how to take the ball from the opposing team, and then implement offensive skills. If a coach does not teach this in a coherent manner, he player will not be able to grow. It is up to the coach to aid the player to acquire knowledge of kicks, skills and offensive and defensive plays to become successful not just in one game but also as a player. Both players and coaches have a particular way they would like to be taught; however, if a coach wants the players to grow, adjustments in technique and sacrifices of preference must mark the coachs use of alternating rhythms. Willingness to make these adjustments will define how deeply the coach cares about the soccer team. A third ingredient that Mayeroff analyzes in On Caring can help a coach become more successful: Patience. According to Mayeroff, patience does not mean waiting passively for something to occur, rather, it means that a person should actively participate in the growth of the other person. Mayeroff states, The man who cares is patient because he believes in the growth of the other (p. 24). Soccer, like all sports, requires practice if one is to become proficient. When a coach comes across a player who is not willing to put in time or effort, someone who gives up on the learning experience, instead of encouraging the layer to quit, a caring coach might exercise patience to help the player grow. Even a talented soccer player might experience difficultly learning a skill. A coach still needs grasp skills quickly. Exercising patience with all types of players will help the coach become successful because growth will occur throughout the team. Due to varied skill levels and rates at which players adopt skills, the coach has to have a great deal of patience and teach his players different skills all within the same periods of practice. If, for instance, the coach decided to do a shooting drill with three offenders, wo defenders and a goalie, when these six players run the drill, the coach should focus on each individual and recognize what can be improved on. For example, an offender might need development on a trick. Another might need to develop a move to dribble away from defenders. One offender might work on dribbling while on a break away. The defenders might need help with Jockeying backwards beside an offender along with applying pressure. The goalie might need assistance with an upper left hand shot, rather than a grounder to the side of the goal. All these ifferent aspects of play that need improvement require patience from players and the coach. A coach has to take one technique at a time with each player, while other players wait their turn. Patience will facilitate growth in all players because the coach cares enough to focus on the skills that need to be strengthened. For a coach, exercising patience, while allowing players to learn without pressure, will strengthen the team and at the same time develop the coach himself. As he continues to establish the dynamics of the team, and learn more about each players skill set, aring and growing increases, exemplifying how a successful coach uses patience in soccer. I distinguished three out of the eight ingredients Milton Mayeroff discusses in his book On Caring, to display how caring is exercised in the deepest manner. In order for caring to occur in soccer, a coach should implement the three ingredients of knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. When a person in a relationship grows, caring is exemplified. The examples Mayeroff notes throughout his book helped me portray the message of caring through coaching soccer; teachers with tudents, parents with children, or any two people in a relationship. His examples directly correlate with coaching soccer because a coach has many relationships with his team, and has to adjust his coaching abilities to fit each players needs. A successful coach will see his team grow because of knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. Understanding each of these factors is a lot for one person to take on; however, exercising them will benefit not only the players, but the coach as well. Since the coach is able to care for all of the players, he has the ability to learn from he players by taking his experiences to help grow as a successful coach.

Free Essays on Hamlets Madness

The â€Å"Big Bang† at the Hippodrome State Theatre in Downtown Gainesville, Florida is the opening play of the season. It went off with out a hitch and was raved about by a couple of friends of mine who told my girlfriend and me that we needed to attend it; so we did. â€Å"The Hippodrome State Theatre is North Florida's only professional regional theatre. Celebrating its 30th year of artistic excellence, the Hippodrome is designated as a Cultural Institution and a State Theatre of Florida† (Hippodrome website). The audience that I shared the pleasure of attending this outrageously funny version of history telling was a very diverse group. I saw people there of all ages, shapes, sizes, colors, and of course sexes. Being that it is a College town there is always going to be more people from the age bracket of 18 – 25 at an event like this. Some events this may not be the case, but in the case of a comedic play down town this is approximately normal. It is a story of history, a recreation play of all the major events in history. It has a very comedic view of how the world has lived and evolved over the centuries all the way up to what we know as today. The play begins with the two off Broadway creators, â€Å"Jed† and â€Å"Boyd†. These men are in the borrowed Park Avenue penthouse of Mrs. Sidney Lipbalm to perform their new creation, an epic musical that spans the history of the world from the Big Bang to the present, for potential backers. Their play is budgeted for $83.5 million with a cast of 318 performers and 6,428 costumes. The average running time is 12 hours. Lucky for the backers, the people in the audience, the creators will only be performing â€Å"highlights† of the impending extravaganza. The two creators accompanied by a third actor on the piano perform eighteen side splitting musical numbers, singing, dancing, narrating, and portraying every major figure in world and pop history from Adam and Eve, Attila the Hun, J... Free Essays on Hamlets Madness Free Essays on Hamlets Madness The â€Å"Big Bang† at the Hippodrome State Theatre in Downtown Gainesville, Florida is the opening play of the season. It went off with out a hitch and was raved about by a couple of friends of mine who told my girlfriend and me that we needed to attend it; so we did. â€Å"The Hippodrome State Theatre is North Florida's only professional regional theatre. Celebrating its 30th year of artistic excellence, the Hippodrome is designated as a Cultural Institution and a State Theatre of Florida† (Hippodrome website). The audience that I shared the pleasure of attending this outrageously funny version of history telling was a very diverse group. I saw people there of all ages, shapes, sizes, colors, and of course sexes. Being that it is a College town there is always going to be more people from the age bracket of 18 – 25 at an event like this. Some events this may not be the case, but in the case of a comedic play down town this is approximately normal. It is a story of history, a recreation play of all the major events in history. It has a very comedic view of how the world has lived and evolved over the centuries all the way up to what we know as today. The play begins with the two off Broadway creators, â€Å"Jed† and â€Å"Boyd†. These men are in the borrowed Park Avenue penthouse of Mrs. Sidney Lipbalm to perform their new creation, an epic musical that spans the history of the world from the Big Bang to the present, for potential backers. Their play is budgeted for $83.5 million with a cast of 318 performers and 6,428 costumes. The average running time is 12 hours. Lucky for the backers, the people in the audience, the creators will only be performing â€Å"highlights† of the impending extravaganza. The two creators accompanied by a third actor on the piano perform eighteen side splitting musical numbers, singing, dancing, narrating, and portraying every major figure in world and pop history from Adam and Eve, Attila the Hun, J...

Definition and Examples of Display Question

Definition and Examples of Display Question A display question is a type of rhetorical question to which the questioner already knows the answer. Also called a  known information question. Different from erotesis questions, display questions are often used for instructional purposes. Theyre used to determine if students are able to display their knowledge of factual content. Examples and Observations So as I have just demonstrated, children, he was saying now, grass is very nice to sit on, but be careful because it can tickle. Now,  can anyone tell me  the name of this handsome creature over here?Is it a rhino, sir? said a girl called Caroline.Very close, Caroline, said Alan Taylor kindly. Actually, it is known as an ant. Now who can tell me- (Andy Stanton,  Mr. Gum and the Cherry Tree. Egmont, 2010)In 1930, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives, in an effort to alleviate the effects of theanyone? anyone?- the Great Depression, passed theanyone? anyone? The tariff bill? The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? Which, anyone? Raised or lowered? Raised tariffs in an effort to collect more revenue for the federal government. Did it work? Anyone? Anyone know the effects? It did not work, and the United States sank deeper into the Great Depression. Today we have a similar debate over this. Anyone know what this is? Class? Anyone? Anyone? Anyone seen this before?(Ben Stein as th e economics teacher in Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986) The [drivers education] class was taught by an old and embittered veteran of the New York City public school system who had the looks and the attitude of, come to think of it, me these days. His form of instruction was Socratic, relentlessly so.What is the purpose of the steering wheel? he asked.The elderly Jewish ladies looked at their shoes. The Chinese stared into space. The black guys continued slanging each other.What is the purpose of the steering wheel? the teacher asked again and got the same response. . . .And so it went for a month and a half. The teacher asked a painfully simple question. Nobody said anything. The teacher repeated the painfully simple question. Nobody said anything.(P.J. ORourke, Driving Like Crazy. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009) The Purpose of Display Questions Something that the media interview and the classroom interaction have in common is the use of display questions. . . . The purpose of a display question is to put knowledge or information on public display. In the classroom, this is an important way of transmitting and testing knowledge for teachers and students. In these display question situations such as classrooms and quizzes, the questioner follows up the answer by stating whether it is the correct one or not. However, in media interviews, . . . the follow up is very often left to the listener or viewer.(Anne OKeeffe, Michael McCarthy, and Ronald Carter, From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) The Lighter Side of Display Questions Texas Ranger: The teacher asked me what was the capital of North Carolina. I said Washington, D.C.Cal Naughton, Jr.: Bingo.Ricky Bobby: Nice.Texas Ranger: She said, No, youre wrong. I said, You got a lumpy butt. She got mad at me and yelled at me and I pissed in my pants and I never did change my pee-pants all day. Im still sitting in my dirty pee-pants.Cal Naughton, Jr.: I wet my bed until I was nineteen. Theres no shame in that.(Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, 2006)

Art History of 20th Century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art History of 20th Century - Research Paper Example Pollok made most of his painting on canvas rather than on the wall, and this was to make them more portable. Most of his works were a mixture of controllable and uncontrollable factors1. Lynda Benglis on her part is an American sculptor and visual artist majorly known for her wax painting and poured latex sculptures. She also used drip style to make her works. She was a professional photographer as she had studied artwork at a college. Given that most of her works were sensual in nature, they were ignored for a long time. Â  Given that Pollok paintings were made on canvas rather than on walls, which is common. His paintings were or portable and could easily move to the museum. This work is significant and, therefore, can be easily seen by those visiting the place. Their placement on the wall at points that it could be viewed easily by people of all heights since it’s not too high or too low. A group of viewers can as well look at it at the same as it is large and full2. Pollok believed that the size of his works had a direct relationship with how and to what extent viewers and he would bond and be part of the painting. Lynda Benglis, on the other hand, made a sculpture that could not be hanging but place on a flat surface for viewing. Her sculpture is smaller compared to the paintings of Pollok. It is only visible to a keen viewer who had the intention of looking for this particular artwork in the gallery. The location of Benglis’ sculpture Batt puts it out of sight and away from other artistic works with which they fall into the same category. The disadvantage to the painter and the lovers of their works as it takes longer to locate them thus according to them with little or no publicity. Â  

How can the knowledge of first-language articulation interference Essay

How can the knowledge of first-language articulation interference positively affect the educational or work setting - Essay Example With most forms of communication in educational cycles and the labor force being through either written or spoken language, it is very important that all people equip themselves with a kind of language with which these forms of communication will be conveyed. Unfortunately, we are not always privileged to take instructions at school and in the work place via the first language. Some of the factors that cause this include migration and the need to work under superiors who speak a different language. In such circumstance, the most likely option that becomes left is the need to adapt to a second language. Happily, idea of a first language would already make the effort to learn the second language easier. Again, it is possible to undertake personal research and general studies in a first language so that transfer of idea is done into the second language for further interpretation. Finally, one of the positive effects includes the fact that language acquisition is not just about the abili ty to speak and write but that the ability to gain general communication skills such as the use of gestures, manners and courtesies. Once a person can do all these in a first language, it becomes easier to transfer these other components of communication at school or at the work

Personal Moral Essay Example for Free

Personal Moral Essay The personal moral that has the most impact on how I go about living my life is self-respect. Self-respect impacts my life in such a way that has guided me in the right direction and will continue to assist me in the positive direction as I go through life. Establishing self-respect resulted in creating my own identity that has been a foundation for my lifestyle. When I established that strong foundation of self-respect, I began to carry myself as a leader amongst my peers and not give in to common mistakes that come through acts of peer pressure. A sense of self-respect has also resulted in me effectively using my common sense and avoiding preventable and unnecessary errors. By valuing my self-respect, I can respect others and treat them with a sense of worth, as I would expect people to treat me. In order to be successful as a FBI agent, I must respect the multitude of diverse people, opinions, and circumstances that are present in the world. My self-respect has directed me to choose to surround myself with like-minded people who also have positive genuine attitudes, positive traits, and are working to establish and achieve their goals. Self-respect has assisted in my decision-making and problem solving processes. Because I value my self-respect, I have pride and dignity in everything I do. Self-respect is needed in my lifes journey towards independence. Self-respect is not an option for me but is a mandatory principle of my life. It allows me to be open to accepting various viewpoints and constructive criticism from others so that I can become mentally and morally secure and empowered. The enhancements that self-respect adds to the overall outcome of my lifes lessons are the significant influences that increase the gained benefits of my lifes experiences.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia nervosa is a life threatening eating disorder defined by a refusal to maintain fifteen percent of a normal body weight through self-starvation (NAMI 1). Ninety-five percent of anorexics are women between the ages of twelve and eighteen, however, â€Å"†¦in the past twenty years, this disorder has become a growing threat to high school and college students†(Maloney and Kranz 60). Anorexia produces a multitude of symptoms, and if not treated, anorexia can lead to permanent physical damage or death. Anorexic behavior is complex because it is all about the need for control. Someone suffering from anorexia has a distorted body image of himself or herself. He/she believes to be overweight, even though twenty percent of the time he/she is not (Yancey 59). The image of being overweight causes a low self-esteem. Symptoms of low self-esteem are loneliness, inadequacy in talents, a lack of trust in people and themselves, insecurity, identification with a specific peer group, and sadness. The media displays the ideal human body as thin and beautiful. Anorexic’s lives are full of confusion and lack of control. To the anorexic, to be thin is to be in control. The state of control to the anorexic is the ideal life without confusion and difficulties. In most cases, the anorexic is intelligent; popular among his/her peers, athletic, talented, and viewed as a role model to most people he/she comes in contact with. In reality, the issues in daily living are too difficult for the anorexic resulting in a lack of control in his/her life. The anorexic’s answer to a confusing life is to starve the body. The behavioral symptoms of the anorexia are counting calories, eating little food, baking treats for everyone and giving them away in hope of controlling not only the anorexic’s intake of his/her food, but also others. â€Å"Playing† with food at meal times is common behavior of the anorexic. When the meal is complete, the anorexic has disguised food intake by pushing the food around on the plate and hiding food in napkins. To dress in layers to hide the distinct weight loss and to avoid social activities where eating is involved are common behavioral symptoms. Behavioral symptoms of the anorexic can go unnoticed by most people. These symptoms are very secretive and oblivious to outsiders because the behavior is not out of the ordinary. Although the behavioral symptoms of the anore... ...cising, reading, and establishing new friendships are encouraged when the anorexic’s mood rises to an unhealthy level. Voluntary self-starvation, anorexia nervosa, is physically and psychologically dangerous. Loss of the body fat from the severe weight loss can impair the body by putting stress on the bones from lack of calcium. Dehydration can be deadly because the body needs the correct water balance, and without this proper balance, the kidneys can shut down. Malnutrition can lead to brain damage. Amenorrhea can cause infertility and put stress on tiny bones making them prone to breakage. Amenorrhea can also produce an interference of the reproductive hormone that protects the body against heart failure and osteoporosis. Severe depression in anorexics occurs from hopelessness and shame and can lead to suicide. Even though the behavioral, nutritional, cognitive, interpersonal, and psychotherapy treatment for anorexia is a long-term process, it is crucial to the anorexic person to receive treatment, or the physical consequences and psychological consequences can lead to permanent damage and sometime s death. Notable research on the treatment of the anorexic continues worldwide.

Global Warming as a Social Problem Essay

Today’s society consists of many different social problems. Social problems can range from affecting certain parts of society to affecting the world’s society. Social problems are â€Å"situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cancerweb.ncl.as.uk). The definition of the term ‘social problem’ can range from a minute case to a widespread problem. A social problem can also be considered as a â€Å"social condition that a segment of society views as harmful to members of society [that is] in need of remedy.† Social problems range with each individual person. Every person has a unique perspective of what is a problem and what is not. An easy way to clarify what a social problem is if there is a public outcry for a solution to it. While most commonly thought of social problems are based on discrimination and stereotypes, one specific social problem that does not fit into these standards is global warming. Global warming is â€Å"an increase in earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate†¦ that may result from the greenhouse effect† (Dictionary.com). As a social problem, global warming is a fairly large and broad topic. The greenhouse effect is an environmental condition caused by excessive quantities of carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. These definitions are simply physical definitions. In terms of being a social problem, global warming and the greenhouse affect yields harmful effects on every community and society as a whole. This type of social problem does not choose its victim based on race, gender, sexual orientation, class, income, age, or any stereotypical category a person can be placed in. Not every person is equally affected by this, but everyone is susceptible to dealing with this problem. The greenhouse effect is a factor in causing global warming. Global warming  is caused by many factors and different kinds of pollution. The main type of pollution that affects global warming is air pollution. Air pollution is simply defined as pollution of the atmosphere, which ties in with the greenhouse effect. Air pollution can also be defined as â€Å"the addition of harmful chemicals to the atmosphere. The most serious air pollution results from the burning of fossil fuels, especially in internal-combustion engines† (Dictionary.com). Air pollution, along with any other type of pollution are mostly caused by human’s actions. The way people live today, and how they use their resources in daily life results in everyday pollution. Pollution can be considered as an â€Å"undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities† (Dictionary.com). People may not realize this, but their actions directly affect their surroundings. Completing daily tasks such as driving a car has detrimental effects on Earth’s atmosphere and pollution levels. Global warming causes physical harm to humans, animals, and plant life. A change in the Earth’s climate could be detrimental to the Earth’s life. The physical harm that is inflicted on all of living life due to global warming poses as a problem: a social problem. Global warming does not choose its victim based on any type of criteria such as race, age, gender, sexual orientation, class, income, or any stereotypical category. Global warming poses as a social problem by affecting a significant number of people, and by threatening the stability of the community’s environment. Since pollution is one of the main factors in causing global warming, it also comes with health effects. These effects range from being short-term to being long-term. Short-term effects can be as simple as headaches nausea, and allergic reactions such as irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat. Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia can also occur. An example in history of health effects from pollution can be found in the â€Å"Smog Disaster† in 1952 located in London. In this â€Å"Smog Disaster† a total of four thousand people passed in only a few days. The death of these civilians was due to the high concentrations of pollution (Paraphrased from Lbl.gov). Long-term health effects â€Å"include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer,  heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys† (Lbl.gov). Research has shown that younger children and elderly people are more sensitive to pollution compared to the general public. â€Å"Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly† (Lbl.gov). â€Å"Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution† (LbL.gov). With global warming not being in full affect, the extents of the effects are currently unknown. The effects of global warming are only just beginning with mild winters and extremely hot summers. The climate change can be subtle or dramatic depending on how quickly it occurs. The increase in temperature in the climate either way will be harmful. With temperature increase’s ice caps in the Artic and Antarctica are melting at increasing rates. The melting of ice caps can have many changes includes the destruction of the habitat in the Artic as well as rising sea levels. â€Å"Global warming could push sea levels about 40 percent higher than current models predict† (NationalGeographic.com). â€Å"Models suggest that by 2100 sea level[s] will be between four and thirty-five inches†¦ higher than it was in 1990† (NationalGeographic.com). Ocean front properties and beaches can be destroyed and submerged in water because of these rising sea levels. The higher the temperatures and climates increase, the faster the sea levels will rise. A comparison of this at a minor scale could be like a house built in a flood plain next to a river. The more it rains the higher the water will rise. If the water rises to high, it will flood the flood plain, and destroy the house. Coastal areas will be affected similarly. A person could think of the coastal areas as a flood plain for the oceans. Ice caps melt from the rising temperatures, as the water heats up (even just slightly), the water will begin to expand. As the water expands the sea level will rise. Solutions to global warming and its effects range vastly. There are several different types of solutions ranging from micro-level solutions to macro-level solutions. Solutions can range from fuel-efficient vehicles to more environmental laws. Solutions to global warming may not fully diminish the problem, it may only reduce it. Renewable resources could play a main role in the solutions to reducing global warming. A key point is that if we were to switch to renewable resources it would cost the government a lot of money, which could result in higher taxes or some other means of obtaining the necessary amount of money. A plus to using renewable resources is the fact that in the long run they would pay for themselves. Not only would it provide jobs for the people who would be forced to leave the nonrenewable resources, it would also be opening up opportunities for the unemployed. Along with making our environment a safer and more hazard free living zone, we’d also be leading towards a better economy. Our current economy state is negatively thought of, and switching to nonrenewable resources could put our government in debt. After so many years renewable resources will not only repay its own debt, but it will also produce a profit. The term renewable resources are â€Å"relating to a natural resource, such as solar energy, water, or wood, that is never used up or that can be replaced by new growth. Resources that are dependent on regrowth can sometimes be depleted beyond the point of renewability, as when the deforestation of land leads to desertification or when a commercially valuable species is harvested to extinction. Pollution can also make a renewable resource such as water unusable in a particular location† (Dictionary.com). The future problems dealing with global warming will lead to such massive problems that a solution and change will be demanded. Global warming is a social problem because of the public outcry that is already occurring. The state of our current economy is negatively thought of. If we were to invest in new solutions for global warming it would be a great cost. If we were to pay for the projects to reduce global warming that we believe will have an effect may put our country in great debt. If the country were to switch to fuel-efficient and renewable resources in all institutes and factories it would be a great cost. A good way to evaluate the methods of our solutions to global warming would involve technology we already possess. Measuring CO2 levels in the atmosphere and the amounts of trash and liter in our surrounding environment  in comparison to the current and predicted conditions would only be a start. Actually comparing climate conditions to the predicted conditions would be a good evaluation. If the climate is kept at an average as it is now, in comparison to the higher climates predicted for the future, we would be able to tell if the solutions were taking effect. WORKS CITED 1.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/global%20warming. 2.http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?social+problems. 3.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/air%20pollution4.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pollution5.http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-health-effects-f.html6. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061214-sea-level.html7.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/renewable

The Economic System of Western After the Breakup of Fuedalism

The distinguished in the nineteenth century and it†s collapse in the twentieth century have led to similar, though much slower and less obvious, process in the course of modern science. Today†s frantic development in the field of technology has a quality reminiscent of the days preceding the economic crash of 1929. The clearest evidence of it may be seen in such comparatively young sciences such as psychology and political economy. In psychology, one may observe the attempt to study human behavior without reference to the fact that man is conscious. In political economy, one may observe the attempt to study and device social systems without reference to man. Political economy came into prominence in the 19th century, in the era of philosophies post kantian disintegration, and no one rose to check its premises or to challenge its base. Political economist-including the advocates of capitalism-defined their sciences as the study of management or direction or organization or manipulation of â€Å"community†s† or nations resources. The author goes on to say that the European culture regarded material productions as work that should be done by slaves or serfs but not first class citizens. It must be remembered that the institution of private property, in the full, legal meaning of the term, was brought into existence only by capitalism. In the pre-capitalist eras, private property existed de facto but not de jure, i. e. by custom and sufferance, not by right or by law. In law and in principle all land belonged to the head of the tribe, the king, and was held only by permission, which could be revoked at any time. CAPITALISM, a term used to donate the economic systems that has been dominate in the western world since the breakup of feudalism. Fundamental to any system called capitalist are the relations between private owners of non-personal means of production (land mines, industrial plants, etc†¦. collectively known as capital) and free but capitalizes workers, who sell their labor services to employers. The resulting wage bargains determines the proportion in which the total products of society will be shared between the class of laborers and the class of capitalist entrepreneurs. Productive use of the â€Å"social surplus† was special virtue that enabled capitalism to outstrip all prior economic systems. Instead of building pyramids and cathedrals, those in command of the social surplus chose to invest in ships, warehouses, raw materials, finished goods and other material forms of wealth. There is of course, no such thing as a â€Å"social surplus. † All wealth is produced by somebody and belongs to somebody. Mans essential characteristic is his rational faculty. man†s mind is his basic means of survival-his only means of gaining knowledge. If some men do not choose to think, they can survive only by imitating and repeating a routine of work discovered by others-but those others had to discover it, or none would have survived. If men do not choose to think or to work, they can survive (temporarily) only by looting the goods produced by others-but those others had to produce them or none would have survived. Man cannot survive as animals do, by the mere guidance of perceptions. He cannot provide for his simplest physical need without process of thought. e needs a process of thought to discover how to plant and grow food or how to make weapons for hunting. His precepts might lead him to a cave. No precepts or instincts will tell him how to light a fire. Is man a sovereign individual who owns his person, his mind, his life, his work and it†s products-or is he the property of the tribe (the state, the society, the collective) that may dispose of him any way it pleases, that may dictate his convictions, prescribe the course of his life, control his work and expropriate his products? Does man have the right? To exist for his own sake-or is he born of bondage, as an indentures servant who must keep buying his life by serving the tribe but can never acquire it free and clear. In a capitalist society, all human relationships are voluntary. Men are free to cooperate or not, to deal with one another or not, as their own individual judgments, convictions, and interests dictate. They can deal with one another only in terms of and by means of reason, i. e. by means of discussion, persuasion, and contractual agreement, by voluntary choice, by voluntary choice of mutual benefit. The right to agree with others is not a problem in any society; it is the right to disagree that crucial. It is the institution of private property the protects and implements the rights to disagree-and thus keeps the roaf open to man†s most valuable attribute (valuable personally, socially, and objectively): the creative mind. The recognition of individual rights entails the banishment of physical force from human relationships: basically, rights can be violated by only means of force. In a capitalist society, no man or group may initiate the use of physical force against others. The only function of the government is such a society is, the task of protecting man†s rights, i. e. the task of protecting him from physical force. The author goes on to say that the only time the government can use force is when there is retaliation. Such there is no such entity as â€Å"society† since society is only a number of individual men, this meant, in practice, that the rulers did not abide by the moral laws only subject to traditional rituals, they held total power and exacted blind obedience. They believed good which is good for the society. The most profoundly revolutionary achievement of the United States of America was subordination of society to moral law. The principle of man†s individual rights represented the extension of morality into the social system-as a limitation tot he power of the state, as man†s protection against the brute force of the collective. He goes onto say the United States was the first moral state. I don†t know what kind of morals the author is actually referring to. A right is a moral principle defining and sanctioning a mans freedom of action in a social context. There is only one fundamental â€Å"right†: mans right to his own life. The right to life is the source of all rights-and the right to property is their only implementation. He goes on to say all previous systems had regarded man as a sacrificial means to the end of others, and society as a means to a peaceful, orderly, voluntary, coexistence of individuals. All previous systems had regard man†s life as society property that they could dispose of him anytime they felt like it Without property rights, no other rights are possible. Since man has to sustain life by his own effort, the man who has no right to property is a right to action, like all the others: it is not the right to an object, but to the action and consequences of producing or earning that object. It is not a guarantee that am man will earn any property, but only a guarantee that he will own it if he earn it. It is the right to gain, to keep , to use and to dispose of material values. To violate man†s right means to compel him against his own judgment, or to expropriate his values. there is only on why to do it: by the use of physical force.

Autonomy And Independence In Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays

Autonomy And Independence In Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays Autonomy And Independence In Social Care Social Policy Essay Essay Autonomy And Independence In Social Care Social Policy Essay Essay This study will critically research how far societal attention statute law and policies have contributed to the liberty and independency of people with larning disablement jobs. The study is divided in four chief inquiries that will take to an advanced apprehension of the subject. It begins by specifying the word larning disablement in societal attention, followed by an account of what the attention needs of people with disablement jobs are. A treatment on why it is necessary to advance the liberty and independency of handicapped people will be followed by a description of related statute laws such as disablement favoritism act. In analyzing the statute law, it will be shown how far it has contributed to the liberty and independency of people with disablement. Explain WHAT THE CARE NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY PROBLEMS MAY BE. A definition of larning disablement is included in the â€Å"Valuing People† and provinces that larning disablement includes the presence of: â€Å"A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to larn new accomplishments ( impaired intelligence ) , with a decreased ability to get by independently ( impaired societal operation ) ; which started before maturity, with a permanent consequence on development† ( DoH 2001 ) . The impact of disablement motion on concerns and service proviso are major, as accommodating to the handicapped demands by physical alterations, such as inclines, lowered light switches and lowered response desks and payphones. The impact of the Social Policy of Britain has been impacted really profoundly, and has been able to do important betterment non merely to the persons who have disablement but to the general populace. ( Borsay, 2005 ) The country of wellness entree is going a major concern. This is due to a figure of other factors, which include. The increased length of service for people with larning disablements with the manifestation of different wellness concerns linked to age. The endurance of kids with multiple disablements into grownups with complex demands. The acknowledgment of certain conditions linked to specific disablements such as Alzheimer s and Down s syndrome. The advancement of deinstitutionalisation is about complete and the staying big institutions/hospitals are shuting and the developments of services in the community are faced with challenges. ( Swain et al, 2003 ) Some of these factors were antecedently identified within the papers â€Å"Signpost for Success† DoH ( 1998 ) and are once more mentioned partially in â€Å"Valuing People† DoH ( 2001 ) . Besides within the White Paper â€Å"Valuing People† is the acknowledgment that people with larning disablements holding higher wellness demands than the general population ( DoH 2001 p6 ) . These wellness demands are as a consequence of increased incidence of epilepsy ; intellectual paralysis prevalence for both of these conditions is thought to be three times higher than the general population ( Drake,2002 ) , ocular jobs, hearing troubles and increased alveolar consonant demands. It is recognised that persons with acquisition disablements are sometimes deprived of the best criterion of wellness attention service expected by people who do non hold larning disablements ( Drake, 2002 ) . In fact despite their higher wellness demands people with larning disablements entree primary wellness attention less than the general population ( Shakespeare, 2003 ) . It is indispensable that this inequality of attention be addressed and unless this is done with the support of the specializer services, and community larning disablement nurses in peculiar, the health-related demands of people with larning disablements will go on to be overlooked ( Oliver et al,1996 ) . DISCUSS WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO PROMOTE AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE Autonomy refers to the recognition that a patient is an person who is besides allowed to be given basic rights like the right to information, the right to have attention and intervention and the right to confidentiality ( Dalley, 1991 ) . When a patient understands clearly the effects of following or declining his intervention which is called the rule of informed consent, should be the chief thought in the attentions mind when suggesting any signifier of intervention ( Dalley, 1991 ) . The cardinal quandary is that of equilibrating the person s liberty and civil autonomy with the demand to protect both the person and the populace from perceived hazard. In add-on, how far should larn disablement go in keeping a map of societal control? Swain ( 2003 ) believes that when a nurse does non admit their function as an agent of societal control, that fuel the populace s misconceptions that environment larning disablement. The word ‘care is every bit misdirecting its application of caring for ; ( protect ion/supervision ) and caring for ; ( worry or show concern ) . From the position of people with disablements, protected or supervised can sound patronising and disempowering. The demand for supervisory attention undermines the populaces ability to see people with damage as independent people. To most people the term ‘care high spots a dependence as do most of the charities set up to back up the demands of people with disablements. ( Borsay,2005 ) Medical services entirely are unable to authorise a individual with a disablement to populate independently in the community. The proviso of the right equipment and comfortss would authorise the individual to exert more control over their life. This can merely be achieved by the individual with the damage make up ones minding on the degree of attention that is provided and the equipment required for them to accomplish ego fulfillment. The Care Standards Act 2000 gives independency but non autonomy and once more restricted by fiscal restraints. We frequently see fund raising strategies to raise money to buy wheelchairs for kids with multiple induration and spasticity as the specializer equipment gives them the freedom of mobility with out high dependence. This equipment is non available through the public assistance system ; nevertheless we do pay ?3,800+ per hebdomad for people to go to drug rehabilitation units to assist them recover control of their lives. Swain and Cameron define liberty as the ability to do knowing penchants sing attention program and execution, ( Swain et al, 2003 ) . DESCRIBE THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND POLICY Peoples with disablements face favoritism from a defect or loophole in the very statute law that is set up to protect them from favoritism ; by allowing the rights of owners and concerns to do merely ‘reasonable accommodations to undertake disenabling barriers. Due to the land of fundss, preservation and practicality, handicapped people are non treated reasonably due to impairment ( Disability Discrimination Act, 1995 ) . These barriers can be reflecting in the statistics published by the Disability Rights Commission in 2005, proposing merely half of handicapped grownups at working age are in employment, compared with four out of five non-disabled people in employment. The DDA 1995 was introduced to forestall people with disablements from being discriminated on their rights to employment, lodging and entree to installations or services. The stipulates accommodations required by employers but merely for employers who employ 15 people or more and sensible accommodations made by lodging associations to supply entree to lodging. The word reasonable can be understood or explained in assorted ways which lives an unfastened door to some private landlords whom can know apart on the evidences that they can afford to do the accommodations required. Structures of the edifices do non necessitate to be changed and an alternate entree can be made. This is already handling handicapped people otherwise on evidences of damage and seting a monetary value ticket on their equality and disempowering people with damages. ( Barnes, 2002 ) ANALYSE HOW FAR THE LEGISLATION/POLICY OUTLINED CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDIVIDUAL S AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE. Merely in 1995 it became illegal in Britain to know apart against handicapped people ‘in connexion with employment, the commissariats of goods, installations and services and instruction . The ‘weak and toothless jurisprudence of 1995, was amended after the Particular Educational Needs and Disability Act was implemented in 2001, which made it improper for instruction suppliers to know apart against handicapped students, pupils and grownup scholars. The disablement Rights committee in add-on to other disablement bureaus are pressing the authorities to adhere to new programs to turn to the low expected institutes and systems to be able to supply premium, service for all particular demands people. ( Oliver, 1996 ) Before the Disability Discrimination Act, handicapped people could lawfully be refused employment by employers. The handicapped people will unreasonably match to occupations of lower position and lower wage occupations, as a consequence of hapless foundation schooling and the deficiency of chances that was made available for the handicapped, as mentioned earlier. The stigmatism occurred when the disabled were deemed as ‘unemployable and those who were in employment were openly discriminated against, due to the bulk sentiment. Employers had a stereotyped mentality to the ability and degree of productiveness of handicapped people. The authorization of the handicapped people is an country of reference. The rise of the disablement motion has been based on authorization of themselves, as it has been chiefly led by the handicapped themselves. This encourages the handicapped users of service to denote integrity, and to supply the people of the society a position of ‘ability as opposed to ‘disability . The Community Care Act 1996 is a clear illustration of efforts of increasing the employment for handicapped people. This has had many benefits as the authorities allows local governments to let go of financess straight to service users, who purchase their ain services and allocate the services to which they assess as being eligible. It empowers the users to measure their ain demands and decide which services cater for their specific demands. The amendments to the jurisprudence suggest that the society every bit good as the authorities were neglecting in supplying handicapped people with what they required as worlds. British society by doing necessary versions to Torahs and services automatically give in to the statement that disabled people were non treated every bit, were non provided for every bit and were non perceived as equal to those without disablement. The significance of the credence of the handicapped people may be more satisfying to them as opposed to the statute laws that were amended to supply for demands, although I do non minimize the benefit that came out of the amendments. The manner in which they were addressed has besides been impacted as they were called â€Å"crippled† which may hold been violative, to the more recognized â€Å"people with disability† . With respects to the societal theoretical account the authorities has failed to carry through their full intent of supplying for all, hence has impacted them by coercing them into doing alterations. ( Cameron, 2003 ) The impact of disablement motion on concerns and service proviso are besides major, as accommodating to the handicapped demands by physical alterations, such as inclines, lowered light switches and lowered response desks and payphones. The impact of the Social Policy of Britain has been impacted really profoundly, and has been able to do important betterment non merely to the persons who have disablement but to the general populace. However, Borsay ( 2005 ) argues that there are many countries in the act ( DDA ) that have loop holes such as instruction and conveyance, and this makes it far from comprehensive. The Act negotiations about the conveyance demands but yet it merely talks about how the new conveyance have to run into minimal entree criterions for handicapped people, but it merely applies to set down base conveyance. Even countries such as employment are limited, for illustration, the act does non use to the armed services and before 2004, and it merely covered employers who employ 15 or more people. The act is really weak for illustration the definition of disablement stated in the act is defined narrowly In footings of damage and is guided by the badness of the damage instead than by the experience of favoritism. Some damages and medical conditions have non been covered such as HIV and Aids, despite the fact that they are another beginning of favoritism. ( Drake, 2002 ) Although there are many schemes to take or cut down bias in society, for handicapped people favoritism remains a important job at all degrees, as favoritism will ever happen because of the people s attitudes and positions against a individual with a disablement in our society. Therefore no affair how many Acts of the Apostless statute laws are in force, favoritism is an on-going job in society, as we can non pass for peoples attitudes in society. The society should work on educating people about a individual with a disablement and do them more cognizant that a handicapped individual is no inferior to any other individual hence no favoritism should be made due to a individual s disablement. Therefore the societal theoretical account of disablement should be in practise, although it is easier said than done to educate all nescient attitudes in society environing disablement. It may be argued that merely a handicapped individual is able to grok what it is like to be discriminated on the evidences of employment, instruction and conveyance. Mentions Books Borsay, A. ( 2005 ) Disability and Social Policy in Britain since 1750. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Dalley, G. ( 1991 ) Disability A ; Social Policy. London: Policy Studies Institute. Oliver, M. ( 1996 ) Understanding disablement from theory to pattern. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd. Pierson, J. , Thomas, M. ( 2002 ) Dictionary of Social Work. Glasgow: Harper Collins Shakespeare, T. ( 2003 ) The Disability Reader Social Science Perspectives. London: Contiuum. Boyfriend, J. , Finkelstein, V, Oliver, M. ( 1993 ) Disabling Barriers Enabling Environments. London: Sage Publications. Boyfriend, J. , French, S. , Cameron, C. ( 2003 ) Controversial Issues in a Disabling Society. Buckingham: Open University Press. Diaries Barnes, C. ( 2002 ) Disability, Politics and Policy in Policy and Politics. Vol 30 No 3. Drake, R.F. ( 2002 ) Disabled people, Voluntary Administrations and engagement in Policy Making in Policy and Politics. Vol 30 No 3 Web sites General Social Care Council. [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gscc.org.uk/Home/ [ 10th Nov 2006 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/1996030.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.shaw-trust.org.uk/page/6/89/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.direct.gov.uk/DisabledPeople/EducationAndTraining/EducationArticles/fs/en? CONTENT_ID=4001076 A ; chk=AftwGD hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education-otherwise.org/Links/Samples/FirstContactSampleLetter.htm

Autism

Autism Essay Autism Essay 3 An Assessment of Autism Autism is a physical disorder of the brain that causes a lifelong developmental disability. The many different symptoms of autism can occur by themselves or in combination with other conditions such as: mental retardation, blindness, deafness, and epilepsy. Children with autism vary widely in their abilities and behavior. Each symptom may appear differently in each child. Children with autism often show some forms of bizarre, repetitive behavior called stereotyped behavior. Each child with autism is unique, with their own individual range of symptoms and behaviors. Broad areas of similarity have been identified so that it is now possible to make some basic general statements about what children with autism are like as a group. Some symptoms and characteristics are: failure to develop normal socialization, problems in speech, language, and communication, strange relationships to objects and events, unusual responses to sensory stimulation, and progress delays. Autism 4 Scientists do not know why some children have autism. Studies have found that people with autism have differences in the structure of their cerebellums. Research is still unclear to be able to draw conclusions to biological and genetic causes. Scientists have only identified one specific genetic connection with autism. A genetic syndrome called, fragile X syndrome. Fragile X syndrome is a recently discovered form of genetically caused mental retardation. Both sexes are affected by fragile X syndrome, with males usually more seriously affected. Children with fragile X syndrome can have behavior problems such as: hyperactivity, aggression, self-injury, and autistic-like behaviors. Severe language delays and problems are common. Delayed motor development and poor sensory skills are also disabilities associated with fragile X syndrome (Jordan Powell, 1995). In the United States, there are at least 400,000 people with autism, about one-third of them are children. Autism is one of the most common developmental disabilities (Harris Weiss, 1998). Autism 5 For reasons researchers don not know, autism occurs about three to four times more frequently in boys than in girls. For children with more severe cognitive limitations, the ratio is closer to two to one. For the group of children with higher cognitive skills, boys are more frequently represented at a rate greater than four to one. Girls, when affected, are more likely to be more seriously affected by symptoms of autism (Quill, 1995, p. 219). To many experts and parents the number of children with autism seems to be increasing at a faster pace than before. In fact, some recent research studies of the occurrence of autism suggest that it is twice as high as previous studies had indicated (Jordan Powell, 1995). Fortunately, the understanding of the needs of children is changing just as is the care applied to the diagnostic process. This is leading to better understanding of the importance of tailoring educational, social, and communication involvement to the needs and strengths of children with autism (Quill, 1995, p. 167). Autism 6 When autism was identified in 1943, it was a disorder that was misinterpreted and puzzled most professionals. Since than, studies have given us understanding into autism as a brain based disorder which children are born with. Though no cure has been found to date to treat children with autism, researchers are on the brink of discovery one (Harris Weiss, 1998). .

Role of the Nurse to manage a patient with Myocardial Infarction Speech or Presentation

Role of the Nurse to manage a patient with Myocardial Infarction - Speech or Presentation Example Any signs of irregular heartbeat, sweating, nausea, and pallor should be noticed. Next, diagnostic evaluation is important in which the nurse should look for ST segment elevation or depression to decide if it is ST-elevation MI or non-ST elevation MI (Nursing Care Plans 2014). ECG results and vital signs should be recorded. This is an important feature of nursing intervention for MI. Oxygen supplementation should be immediately started in case the patient is experiencing severe dyspnoea. ECG should be performed during acute pain attack also (Cardiac Care Network 2013). Fluid retention and high cholesterol levels can create a problem, so diet and lifestyle changes should be strictly maintained to reduce both fluid retention and cholesterol levels (Mok et al. 2013, p. 256). Before giving any medicine to the patient, the nurse should carefully evaluate if he/she is allergic to the medicine or not. Many MI patients can be allergic to aspirin in which case it should not be given. Statins should be given to reduce cholesterol level and ACE inhibitors should be administered to reduce blood pressure level. Beta-blockers should also be given to reduce workload of the heart, but care should be taken when giving beta-blockers in patients who have a very slow pulse ( Kenny 2012b). In context of ethical consideration, obtaining informed consent of the patient is critically important (Andreae, Ekstedt & Snellman 2011). Patient autonomy or respect for what a patient wants is also an important ethical consideration. Also in the care of MI patients, it should be ensured that resources are fairly distributed and no harm is provided to the patient due to carelessness. Elderly patients with MI often experience high levels of anxiety, but they are not provided psychological care. So, it is important for a nurse to ensure psychological help for very anxious patients (NHS 2007). Anxiety increases both heart rate and blood

Theater History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theater History - Essay Example Entertainment in these early times involved travelling productions. With the rise however of very popular stars and the clamor of audiences to see their performances as often as they possibly could, the stage theaters started to be strongly patronized. This also marked the beginning of the single play with long-running stage productions. Significantly thereafter, the theater started to become one of the oldest forms of entertainment, and this, even long before the televisions and the cinemas were born. This paper will particularly focus on the following key points: realism, the resurgence of new melodrama and that of political censorship, with the end in view of not only discovering the correlations between the aforementioned key points and the rise of the stars, but that of their linkage as well, to the future growth of theater itself. (Germany) and Konstantin Stranislavsky (Moscow) advocated realism, the true depictions of life. Eventually, this soon became the dominant mode in most of the theatrical productions not only in Europe but also in the West (www.wsu.edu/brians/hum_303/naturalism.html). Most of the playwrights and production directors centered on the lives of shining stars like French stage actress Sarah Bernhardt (1844 -1923) and Italian stage player Eleonora Duse (1858 -1924). The renowned Sarah with the reputation of being a very serious dramatic actress then was referred to as "the most famous actress in the history of the world". She would later in this artistic profession earn the nickname of "The Divine Sarah" (Wikipedia). Injuring her right leg in 1905, an amputation was done in 1915, but this did not stop the ambivalent Sarah from continuing to tour and perform. She succumbed to a lingering ailment and made her final goodbye in 1923 while filming La Voyante (www.who2.com/sarahbernhardt.html). E leonora Duse, on the other hand, was considered as the greatest Italian player of her age, marking her American debut in 1893. With nineteen years hiatus, she made her farewell tour in 1923 (Fuse). Both Sarah and Eleonora had beautiful golden voices and each shared their respective abilities to breathe their emotional lives into the classic roles that they performed. Consequently, in their own respective rights, they would each further the movement toward the bringing about of remarkable realistic acting. Their professional careers became major successes despite of the fact that both their real lives were wrought and harrowed by the characters that they played. This fusion of realism and drama that are seen in turn in both these dramatic performers ushered in many changes in scenic and costume design, acting styles and staging. Similarly, in real life, both of them from frequent bouts of physical ailments, most of the time some financial difficulties, and the common problem of havin g countless love affairs. In any event, together, the two great stage actresses were most instrumental to making the concept of realism, the most dominant mode in the history of playwriting and theatrical productions during the 19th century. RESURGENCE OF NEW MELODRAMA "Melodrama was the primary form of

Discuss the role of ideology in American-Russian relations between Essay - 1

Discuss the role of ideology in American-Russian relations between 1881 and 1920 - Essay Example The Americans viewed this act as exploratory, especially to their interests. The United States responded in a manner that was interpreted as interference by many players. This is the case when some countries in Asia and parts of Europe engaged in political revolutions as a way of solving some of their political problems. A variety of actors led to different ideologies concerning the American-Russian conflicts. Persons who ideologically believed that their differences formed the building blocks for cold war were orthodox, post-revisionist or revisionist.2 According to the orthodox view, the ideologies perpetuated by the Soviets were solely to blame for the initiation of cold war. These were specifically the Stalin and Lenin paranoia. In their view, the post revisionists felt that all these claims were entirely misconceptions and not true. Nonetheless, the Revisionist, better known as the ‘New Left’ held the view that the root cause of cold war was the United States’ hatred of communism.3 An additional important role arising from ideology informed the views of the U.S on the foreign revolutions. Initially, several countries where revolutions were taking place leaned towards communism. This made the US perceive such actions as instigated by Russia. Apparently, Russia had spread its influence to the Latin America, Austria-Hungary, Germany and France.4 Additionally, the Americans were not at peace because the Russians were emulating their actions by embracing similar strategies. These cycles of patterns that included the radical revolutions disillusioned the United Sates. The ideology also played a role in increasing fears in the United States over radicalism during the 1870s. The US felt that the urban working classes were increasingly becoming radicalized based on rapid industrialization. Other sources of fear were the coming into power of socialist and populist parties and unions across the globe.5 Ideology also pitted communism against capitalism in

Procurement of Goods and Services Strategies

Procurement of Goods and Services Strategies Introduction Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services. The process covers a whole cycle from the identification of needs through the supply of the product and to the end of the service contact and even the end of the useful life of the asset procured. This chapter explains the background of this research work, the problem discussion and the overview of the structure adopted in this dissertation. Background The speed of technological advancement is so much now that no part of the global world can afford to be left behind especially now that the world has become a global village. Businesses all over the world are hence looking for strategies that will position them and make them have a competitive advantage whatever it takes. Such competitive advantage could be gotten from doing business at a low cost achieving lot of savings or having an effective work system. That is what a good procurement best practice strategy can deliver to any organisation. Many Organizations are now seen trying to focus on making their procurement strategies as efficient and cost effective as possible to ensure they have a competitive edge in their industries. According to source one management services, LLC, (2008) the advent of Best Practice Procurement Processes has suddenly seen a lot of companies realizing substantial cost reductions through: Having a proper understanding of the cost drivers used in determining total cost of ownership. Elimination of all non-value adding process thereby Increasing efficiency across the entire supply chain. Aggregation of demand, supplier rationalization, strategic sourcing, and enhanced supplier relationships resulting in improved cycle time. Electronically enabling the supply chain through the use of paperless e-Procurement tools and e-commerce portals. Reduction of carrying costs, warehousing, movement, obsolescence and shrinkage through the alternative inventory ownership agreements – retained consignment and vendor managed inventory. Problem discussion Different strategies are often used in achieving the best procurement processes in various industries. The need for developing countries especially Nigeria industries not to be left behind in utilizing these opportunity has necessitated this research work. For the purpose of this study, I will consider the extent to which procurement practices in Nigeria has adopted the three key strategies discussed in the work namely the lean supply, the e-procurement and the green supply strategies as it relates to environmental friendly policies adopted by various organisations in Nigeria. Kirk Zylstra (2007 p 10), argued that the main objective of all supply chain executives today is he to ensure that future business forecasts, ever changing customer demand, and other variations across the supply chain do not upset their carefully laid cost-reduction plans. Its however been discovered that the main obstacle to this vision is the ability to model budgets, accurately tie real costs to operations, and develop processes that execute these plans daily. This is where the application of lean principles to supply chain operations can help. According to Len Cooper, Senior Vice president of supply chain Halliburton, confirms that Halliburton is focusing mostly on Lean strategies with suppliers, and less so on Six Sigma because, as Cooper explains, Lean focuses on speed and throughput, which is easier for suppliers to apply and is in fact a goal for our suppliers. He went further to states that ‘’we would rather have our best suppliers grow with us, especially in these times, rather than go out and find more suppliers in order to gain access to additional capacity. We wanted to share our Creativity Over Capital ideas and experiences and benefits with them. In one of the report done by Andrea Ovans of Harvard Business report on E- procurement at Schlumberger Oilfield Services, (the worlds largest oil service company on is using the Web to revolutionize the way it buys equipment and supplies) on What they accomplished by moving to e-procurement?. The brain behind the strategy, Paris-based Alain-Michel Diamant Berger explains that ‘’We replaced a number of different systems some that were paper based, some that were automated with a single desktop system. Thats allowed us to streamline and speed up our entire purchasing operation. He further confirmed that buying supplies and equipment has often been very slow and complicated in the past, with lots and lots of papers and approval processes involved before executing a buy. However employees now act as their own purchasing agents, placing orders directly through their PCs and receiving the goods they need much more quickly. The advantage here is that the e procurement single system adopted by Schlumberger which help to consolidate purchases and gain greater volume discounts from our vendors. According to Derek Parker The ultimate aim is to achieve specific, measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices.’’ Suppliers are often made to understand that sustainable practices improve the long term financial bottom line and in many cases the ‘greening’ of supply chain has a positive interaction with a move towards lean manufacturing, and sustainable processes which are ways of eliminating waste. From the aforementioned strategies adopted by Schlumberger, Halliburton and other organisations described as seen above, it is obvious that there is need to adopt a more aggressive strategy as that adopted by these organisations in order to remain competitive and relevant to their respective industry. The purpose of this research therefore is to evaluate the extent to which these all important strategies have been adopted by organisation in Nigeria, noting the implication and the key hindrance inhibiting these strategies. It is also critical to note that while Sustainable Procurement activities are common in many developed countries, the awareness and implementation is still relatively low in most developing countries. While I recognise the important role that procurement policies can play to support of sustainable development, this research is aims to contribute to the adoption of sustainable procurement strategy in developing countries especially Nigeria. Overview of the dissertation structure The whole dissertation is divided into six major chapters. This chapter which serves as the introduction gives the background and overview of the importance of the topic, the purpose of the research and finally the research questions then introduced. The second chapter provides the reader the opportunity to have an insight into the literature review on some the topics related to the research. This leads us to the third chapter giving the details of the methodology adopted in the carrying out the research. It explains the purpose, the approach and the strategy adopted for the research. It also shows the synopsis of how I arrived at the method I finally adopted for the research. Chapter four gives the highlight of the background of the companies used for this case study and all data gathered in the course of the research. These data were analysed in chapter five while a final conclusion and implications was drawn in chapter six based on the findings of the data analysis. 2.0 Literature Review With the global economic melt down across the nations, organisations are expected to seek a way out of this challenge, among others, looking for a way to reduce turn around time and cost through their procurement strategies. Competition therefore in today’s global market is not only between different companies but also between supply chains management systems. The evolvement in technological advancement and organizational improvements are important for effective supply chain management; however, the main cause of SCM improvements according to juril et al, (2006) is not the implementation of an information system itself, but rather a change and an integration of business processes. Over the years some changes have taken place in the development of innovative procurement strategies especially in sectors like manufacturing, retail, oil and Gas, construction and even service oriented industry. Jim Scotti, (2007) believes Procurement is now evolving into a far more strategic discipline, driven principally by a greater awareness of the financial implications of executing the function well. There are different procurement strategies adopted by organisations in the market place but using the best procurement practices would guaranty the desired success for any organisation. Based on different literatures written by authors the subject of procurement, some of the commonly adopted procurement best practices include: Creating an efficient system that would save time and money. Creating a pre-qualified and broad supplier base which enables all suppliers to be uniformly and objectively evaluated. Creating a comprehensive bid specification with full details before an invitation for bids is sent to the suppliers in the supplier pool.   Creating mutual acceptance of the process whereby every supplier in the pool knows that it can bid low on any supply.   Ensuring full transparency of bids through sending bid results to all suppliers that participated in the bid.   Monitoring every step of the workflow process to ensure clear communications, attention to every detail and a deliverable end product.   Ensuring that work is performed per specifications and on time.   Completing the project with accurate invoicing.   With the advent of Best Practice Procurement processes, a lot of companies have realized substantial cost reductions through understanding the cost drivers that determine the total cost of the supply chain and completely eliminating all non-value adding process in their supply chain line For the purpose of this report three strategies for achieving Procurement best practices will be considered and these include the adoption of the lean supply, e-procurement and adoption of the green supply strategies. While a lot of research has been done on the lean supply and e-procurement and their benefits if properly implemented, not much seems to be mentioned on the green supply principles and need to implement these strategies to achieve procurement best practices while considering the environmental friendly green supply chain management scheme in various organisations and how companies can benefit from this inevitable procurement procedure. Lean Supply Strategy Lean as described by Nigel (2006) is the process of achieving the flow of products and services to meet customers demand in the right quantity, right time, right place at the lowest price with no waste. The key principle focuses on maximizing customer value by producing goods and services with higher quality, fewer defects eliminating various forms of waste or any non-value adding activities through all possible continuous improvement processes. Womark (1996) described the five principles of lean, which includes: identify the value demanded by customer Identify the steps involved in the whole value stream Generate a flow in the value stream Produce only what is pulled by customer Strive for perfection through continuous improvement The adoption of these key principles in procurement activities in order to ensure that the organisation maximises the value of every good or service purchased explains the reason for lean supply or procurement as it applies to this research. R. Stratton (2003) believes Lean supply enables flow and the elimination of wasteful processes within the supply chain. Its focuses on continuous improvement strategies, through the elimination all non-value creating activities, reducing waste and effectively the cost of procurement. According to Lubben, (1998), lean supply aims at improving efficiency, quality and delivery performance of suppliers. It also focuses on removing all non value adding activities so as to reduce the cost of supply of material. For any procurement strategy to succeed the purchasing manager must be able to connect the strategy with the financial implication or performance. W.D. Presutti Jr. (2003) Benefit of adopting lean procurement Organizations within a lean supply chain are able to leverage their own lean journey more easily, delivering better customer value by responding more efficiently, quickly, and predictably to customer needs. That, in turn, facilitates the operation of the lean supply chain, creating a virtuous cycle that ultimately translates to superior financial performance for these organizations. In the article ‘Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base’ (2009), the use of lean six sigma between 2004 and 2008, tripled their output from its manufacturing plants without any meaningful increase in the total capital footprint for those plants. The companys manufacturing cycle times were reduced, increasing their asset utilization out of all their equipment. According to Len Cooper, who is the Senior Vice president of supply chain management in Halliburton states that the lean process alleviated the need for more capital investment to support the type of output growth they experienced with the adoption of lean six sigma. Generally, the adoption of lean supply gives a lot of other benefits which includes achieving a minimal level of defects in supply, frequent deliveries.( Handfield, 1993) He further argued that because there are smaller number of suppliers, this could lead to developing a long term relationship between the buy and supplier which eventually leads reduced products price that would benefit the purchasing organisation. Strategies to adopt a lean supply system Inadequate management of the procurement process adds cost and adversely impacts customer service. In the current competitive environment such inefficiencies can no longer be tolerate. It is therefore necessary for organisations to focus more on their supply chain management system and adapt the concept of strategic lean supply chain management to their internal systems so as to eliminate all non value adding process. Sidney Hill Jr (2008) argued that the lean supply chain system cannot just happen. They emerge from strong working relationships between supply chain partners i.e the purchasing organisations, who are thoroughly committed to continuous improvement processes. Organisations especially the multinational expected to help their train their suppliers to fit into the required standard for supply. This could be organising training for their staff and help setting up some infrastructure that would encourage the lean practice. E-procurement Strategy E-procurement can be seen as a very valuable tool for organisations experiencing difficulties in their supply chain. If properly implemented, e-procurement can be used to connect a link between companies and their business processes with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. It encourages management of correspondence, bids, questions and answers, previous pricing, and multiple emails sent to multiple participants. Defined in different ways by many scholars. Presutti, ( 2002) describes electronic-procurement as the productive use of the internet to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply end of the supply chain. Davila et al. (2002) describes it as any technology designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods over the internet. Most literatures written on e- procurement addressed various issues in their definition. While some such as Brunnelli, (1999), Carabello, 2001 and others limits the definition to acquisition of goods over the internet, Scott and Westbrook (1998); New and Payne, (1995) believes that it should have a broad definition which includes the entire value chain, including materials and supply chain management from the extraction of raw materials to its end of useful life. In most recent times, there has been a change of focus from the strategic view of market to an internal re engineering discovered in supply chain management. This is obvious because e-procurement provides a set of built-in monitoring tools to help control costs, maximum supplier performance and deliver value to the purchasing organisation if adequately maximized. Benefit of e- procurement strategy The use of e-Procurement system help managers make decisions through access to catalogues of many suppliers keeping track of all means of bids while leveraging on knowledge to obtain better pricing. It provides organised, standardized and track able information with the elimination of the use of paper work. Kalakota and Robinson, (2000) explains that the main objective of any company’s e-procurement strategy is to better manage the firm’s operational costs. Basically, the strategy of e-procurement could be seen under two broad umbrella: the effectiveness and the efficiency of use- Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002). Dai and Kauffman, (2000) however argues the benefit in e-procurement in terms of the high returns on investment (ROI) achieved through reduced operating and search cost. A view of benefit of e-procurement adopted by Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002) explains the efficiency and effectiveness of using e-procurement. This includes: a better managed inventory level, cost effectiveness and savings achieved, improved efficiency of the procurement process, reduced maverick spending and better flow of information between buyers and supplier. According to Davila et al (2002), the main reason for the investment on the technology platform used for e-procurement is to achieve cost saving. He confirms that the adoption of e-procurement technologies reported a savings of 42 per cent in purchasing transaction costs. A summary of the various benefits associated with e-procurement as seen in many of the literatures includes but not limited to; Better value for money. Its helps to reduce inventory level and therefore serves as a cost saving measure for the organisation. The managers often know the product, the bid prices and the supplier to contact whenever the product is needed. Completely reduces transaction cost such as requisition, ordering administration and storage cost. E-procurement solution helps firms to interact with a wider supplier base and gives firms the opportunity to reach the unknown but qualified source of suppliers. It also provides the spirit of fair play. There is reduced duplication leading to a more efficient purchasing. It increases the ability to track strategic information and data on procurement including purchasing patterns. E-Procurement systems also allow multiple access levels and permissions help managers organize administrative users by roles, groups, or tasks. Procurement managers do not need to be as highly trained or paid because such systems are standardized and easy to learn. The system also links together the company’s procurement unit/department around the world and allows them share information about their best suppliers According to (Presutti, 2002) , the e-procurement system enables firms to more efficiently and accurately capture and aggregate budget spending in various purchasing product area, allowing the firms to bring what may be significant buying power leverage to market. The online real time of e-procurement technology no doubt provides buyers and sellers with the opportunity to share information in building specification of products which add value to resulting product and build strong relation. The larger the base of participating suppliers, considering the benefits to both sides, the greater will be the business value of e-procurement solution. (Presutti, 2002) In conclusion, every organisation’s goal is to achieve a good return on investment. According to OSD (2001), e-procurement enables the reduction in cost of goods procured and procurement processing time and cost have direct impact on return on investment (ROI). E-procurement risk management As seen from the numerous literatures on e-procurement, the research on the adoption of e-procurement has been made tremendous impact in many organisation, unfortunately not much as done on the risk management of e- procurement, especially within the industries considered in Nigeria. Douglas Hubbard ( 2009) describes ‘Risk management as the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events’. Risk management is the finding out the possibility of ‘a wrong’ happening, how it can be avoided, fixed or reduced to the barest minimum whenever it occurs Davila et al (2002), agrees that new e-procurement technologies has become an vital part of supply chain management activities and that the rate of adoption will accelerate as aggressive users share their experiences and perceptions of low risk. He went further to argue that the actual benefits and risks of e-procurement technologies and manger’s evolving perceptions about the benefits and risks will determine the speed at which the technology moves from its developmental infancy to the adoption and the maturity stages. E-procurement is no doubt growing in most industry and this is due to the competitiveness in most industry and the ever changing nature of the demands of the customers. Some of the risk identified in different literature includes: External business risk: This happen when there’s no effective communication between the organisation’s e procurement system and the customers and suppliers. External parties such as suppliers need to be able to develop internal systems that facilitate the communication through electronic means (an issue that demands technology investments as well as incentives) connected to the e- procurement system. To achieve a successful e-procurement technology, suppliers must have an electronic access via the Internet and should provide sufficient catalogue choices to satisfy the requirements of their customers-purchasers. Although most suppliers, especially in low margin industries, may be undecided or even unable to meet such demands without guarantees of future revenue streams. And also since some of the business models associated with e-procurement technologies (e.g. auctions, consortia, and exchanges) may be thinking of using suppliers with whom the buyer has not previously transacted business, companies need to develop mechanisms that provide the buyer with assurances that the supplier meets or exceeds recognizable and industry enforced standards relating to supplier quality, service, and delivery capabilities. Reputation risk: This type of risk occurs when there’s a breach of data that can damage an organisation’s reputation. Reputation risk occurs for example, when there is duplication in the information on the system which jeopardizes the reliability of the information Implementing e-procurement strategy requires not only having a successful purchasing process in place but also the ability to integrate all existing infrastructures. Okah et al (2007) Technology risk: As the growth of e-procurement advances, most organisation fears the lack of a widely accepted standard and a clear understanding of which e-procurement technologies best suit the needs of each company. This lack of generally acceptable standard serves as a hindrance to the use of commonly integrated software across all e-procurement activities. This suggest that an acceptable and open standard would be required to fully integrate all facilitates among the various organization using the e-procurement technologies. Without widely accepted standards for coding, technical, and process specifications, the adoption of e-procurement technology will be slow and will fail to the desired benefits. Process risk: Frew (2005, p 397) explains that process risk are risk associated with the security and control of the e-procurement process itself. There is need to provide evidence to non users that this technology will not breach control or security or any privacy issue. Organizations must be confident, for example, that unauthorized actions will not disrupt production or other supply chain activities when committing to e-procurement technologies Internal Business risk: According to Davila, et al, (2002) certain risk that are linked with the adoption of e-procurement need to be addressed before these technologies are widely accepted. Although, e-procurement in itself reduces the risk of human factor, maybe due to loss of certain document or misappropriation of data, but there is still a human interface which can also result to a form of risk or error. Okah (2008) describes it as human error risks. In conclusions risk are sometimes unavoidable but adequate measure should be in place to mitigate any kind of such risk whenever it arises and that is the purpose of risk management as it applies to procurement. Davila et al, (2002) also described some risk associated with the integration of technologies with existing information systems, with the business models that these technologies impose on supplier-customer relations and with the security and control mechanisms required to insure their appropriate use. Avery, (2002) however believes that e-procurement are essentially global, many of its limitations come from the geographic, cultural and organizational limitation of the underlying businesses in which they are adopted. Green Sustainable Procurement Strategy There has been increased awareness in our environment as its affects global warming, production of non recyclable packages and some toxic substances. A lot of Organisations have been seen applying the green principle to their organisation activities including the supply chain activities. A Green Sustainable Supply Chain can be defined as the process of using environmentally friendly inputs and transforming these inputs through change agents whose by-products can improve or be recycled within the existing environment. This process develops outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their life-cycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain.- Patrick P (2007) According to Seuring, (2004), Green supply chain management, could be referred to as environmental supply chain management or sustainable supply chain management. This includes green purchasing, green manufacturing/materials management, green distribution/marketing and reverse logistics (Sarkis, 2005) The environmental sustainability according to Madu, et al., (2002) has gradually become part of the overall corporation culture and, in turn, has helped to restructure the strategies of corporations With this increasing awareness in environmental sustainability, companies are beginning to streamline their operations and look for means of reducing their excess inventory, determine the optimal right-shoring plan, and reduce fuel expenses and logistics costs while reducing overall carbon emissions. Purchasers are therefore faced with enormous task of focusing on the design and packages of the products supplied by their suppliers The act of purchasing activities that include the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials is therefore paramount to organisation competitive existence in the marketplace- Carter, et al. (1998) Procurement officers are now trained to go for product with less non recyclable bye products or packages. Study has shown that the cost of most goods are in the packaging, thus if the packaging can be reduced, perhaps made to be recycled, the cost of the product will eventually be low. According to Faith-Ell, et al., (2006) the environmental performance of products and services can improve if purchaser express environmental preferences through the so called green procurement Walton, et al., (1998); Zhu and Cote, (2004) confirms that organisations that adopt the green supply chain management system may generate environmental and business performances. Following various legislation by different Government, consumers are beginning to have preference for product or services produced by environmental friendly organisations. Purba, (2002) also confirm that the practise of a green supply chain, can result in an improved environmental performance through the reduction in waste and emissions as well as better environmental commitment while improving competitiveness (better product quality, increase in efficiency, enhancing productivity and cutting cost), resulting to a better economic performance (new marketing opportunities and increasing product price, profit margin, market share and sale volume). This was supported by Derek Parker who confirms that the ultimate aim of green supply is to achieve specific,measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. It is therefore clear based on all the stipulations from the various authors like Walton, et al. (1998), Zhu and Cote (2004) and Purba (2002), as well as other procurement experts, that organizational performance is considered to include environmental and financial performance. The pressure is therefore on all organisations to improve their environmental performances which is a result of the world’s globalization rather than localization (Sarkis and Tamarkin, 2005). Benefits of green supply The benefits of Green supply goes beyond the reduction in waste and emission to the environment but it also benefits the organisation in terms of cost savings. Stevels, (2002) categorised the benefits of green supply into three folds: the financial implication, the company reputation and the societal perception. The financial implication: The green supply chain management practice helps in lowering cost prices for supplier and in turn results to a lower cost for their customers Lower cost of ownership for customer. Better competitive advantage Result to more customers In terms of reputation: Less rejects for supplier Better compliance for societal values. Confirms technological and environment awareness in terms of societal perception: Green supply chain management helps motivation of stakeholder for environment better image for supplier and producer feel good and quality of life for customer Make industry on the right track for society. Green supply chain management helps in lowering the environmental load for environment Duber-Smith, (2005), also highlighted ten reasons why organisations should adopt the green supply strategy: target marketing, sustainability of resources, lowered costs/increased efficiency, product differentiation and competitive advantage, competitive and supply chain pressures, adapting to regulation and reducing risk, brand reputation, return on investment, employee morale, and the ethical imperative. Supplier Evaluation/Selection The responsibilities of buyers or purchasing Managers has changes significantly especially in this competitive environment from purchasing products and service to meet customers needs. It has become necessary for purchasers to provide quality products, delivered just in time by working with adequate numbers of suppliers. Suppliers therefore play a key p